大猪笼草

大猪笼草
	产自苏拉威西的大猪笼草上位笼，海拔约400米
保护状况
	; 无危（IUCN 2.3）
科学分类
界：	植物界 Plantae
演化支：	维管植物 Tracheophyta
演化支：	被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支：	真双子叶植物 Eudicots
目：	石竹目 Caryophyllales
科：	猪笼草科 Nepenthaceae
属：	猪笼草属 Nepenthes
种：	大猪笼草 N. maxima
二名法
	Nepenthes maxima; Reinw. ex Nees (1824)
異名
	同物异名 Nepenthes boschiana; auct. non Korth.: Becc. (1878); Nepenthes celebica; Hook.f. (1873); Nepenthes curtisii; Mast. (1887); Nepenthes curtisii var. superba; Hort.Veitch ex Marshall (1889); Nepenthes dayana; A.Truffaut ex M.J.Sallier (1894) nom.superfl.; N. maxima × N. albomarginata; Hort.Bednar (1987); Nepenthes oblanceolata; Ridl. (1916); Nepenthes spectabilis; auct. non Danser: Hort. ex Hort.Bednar (1987); 异物同名 Nepenthes maxima; auct. non Reinw. ex Nees: Becc. (1886); [=N. boschiana/N. maxima/; N. stenophylla/N. sumatrana]; Nepenthes maxima; auct. non Reinw. ex Nees: Cheers (1992); [=N. northiana × N. maxima]; 前林奈名 "Cantharifera alba"; Rumph. (1750);

大猪笼草^[3]（学名：Nepenthes maxima）是一种广布于苏拉威西^[3]、新几内亚^[3]和摩鹿加群岛^[4]的热带食虫植物。其也可能存在于沃沃尼島。^[5]

大猪笼草被归入“大猪笼草系”中，其中还包括博世猪笼草（N. boschiana）、陈氏猪笼草（N. chaniana）、附生猪笼草（N. epiphytica）、艾玛猪笼草、法萨猪笼草（N. faizaliana）、暗色猪笼草（N. fusca）、扎克里豬籠草（N. zakriana ）、N. dactylifera 、克洛斯猪笼草（N. klossii）、宽唇猪笼草（N. platychila）、窄叶猪笼草（N. stenophylla）、柔毛豬籠草(N. mollis) 和佛氏猪笼草（N. vogelii）。^[6]

常见于苏拉威西的某些变型常具有明显波浪状的叶片。^[4]^[7]个别极端个体的叶片翼即使下延至下部整个节间，但其仍可能呈高度波浪状。^[8]这种波浪状的叶片是由于叶缘细胞生长造成的，由于其叶片质薄，从而导致其叶片呈波浪状以降低其应力势能。^[9]

虽然柯蒂斯猪笼草（N. curtisii）为该物种的异名，但其也被用于指代其他许多栽培种。

形态特征

大猪笼草捕虫笼的形态特征多变。捕虫笼可为纯绿色或带斑点，少数斑点众多，几乎为黑色。不同变型的唇也存在差异，产自新几内亚的变型其唇较宽。^[3]

产于苏拉威西的大猪笼草上位笼，其生长的海拔高度从左至右一至三为400米、四至五为700米

产于新几内亚的大猪笼草上位笼，其生长的海拔高度从左至右分别为1500米、1600米、1700米、2300米和2600米

种下类群

Nepenthes maxima f. undulata Sh.Kurata (1985)
Nepenthes maxima var. glabrata Becc. in sched. nom.nud.
Nepenthes maxima var. lowii (Hook.f.) Becc. (1886) [=N. stenophylla]
Nepenthes maxima var. minor Macf. (1917)
Nepenthes maxima var. sumatrana (Miq.) Becc. (1886) [=N. sumatrana]
Nepenthes maxima var. superba (Hort.Veitch ex Marshall) Veitch (1897)

2009年，一种产自婆娑湖的栽培品种被命名为婆娑湖大猪笼草（Nepenthes maxima‘Lake Poso’）^[10]，也就是当前园艺市场上广为流通的“迷你大猪笼草”。

自然杂交种

? N. eymae × N. maxima^[4]
N. glabrata × N. maxima^[4]
N. klossii × N. maxima^[10]
N. maxima × N. neoguineensis^[4]
N. maxima × N. tentaculata^[11]

无毛猪笼草与大猪笼草的疑似自然杂交种
克洛斯猪笼草与大猪笼草的自然杂交种
大猪笼草与新几内亚猪笼草的自然杂交种

参考文献

^ （拉丁文） Hooker, J.D. 1873. Ordo CLXXV bis. Nepenthaceæ. In: A. de Candolle Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 17: 90–105.
^ Masters, M.T. 1887. New or noteworthy plants. Nepenthes Curtisii, Mast., sp. nov.. The Gardeners' Chronicle, series 3, 2(49): 681, 689.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 夏洛特. 食蟲植物觀賞&栽培圖鑑. 台北: 商周出版. 2007: 60. ISBN 978-986-124-850-9.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
^ （印尼文） Sunarti, S., A. Hidayat & Rugayah 2008. Keanekaragaman tumbuhan di hutan Pegunungan Waworete, Kecamatan Wawonii Timur, Pulau Wawonii, Sulawesi Tenggara. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） [Plants diversity at the mountain forest of Waworete, East Wawonii District, Wawonii Island, Southeast Sulawesi.] Biodiversitas 9(3): 194–198.
^ Robinson, A.S., J. Nerz & A. Wistuba 2011. Nepenthes epiphytica, a new pitcher plant from East Kalimantan. In: McPherson, S.R. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 36–51.
^ [Anonymous] 2013. BE-3543 Nepenthes maxima - wavy leaf.PDF Nepenthes Growers Newsletter 2(2): 7–8.
^ Bourke, G. 2010. Plant profile: Nepenthes maxima.PDF Captive Exotics Newsletter 1(1): 9–10.
^ Sharon, E., M. Marder & H.L. Swinney 2004. Leaves, flowers and garbage bags: making waves. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） American Scientist 92(3): 254–261.
^ ^10.0 ^10.1 Evans, D.P. 2009. New Cultivars: Nepenthes maxima ‘Lake Poso’ （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 38(1): 18–22.
^ McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sulawesi. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.

[Anonymous] 1889. Nepenthes at Messrs. Veitch's.（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） The Gardeners' Chronicle, series 3, 6(145): 388.
[Anonymous] 2010. Eramet-PT Weda Bay Nickel Exploration and Development ESIA.（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） ERM Indonesia, Jakarta.
Adam, J.H., C.C. Wilcock & M.D. Swaine 1992. The ecology and distribution of Bornean Nepenthes.PDF Journal of Tropical Forest Science 5(1): 13–25.
Adam, J.H. 1997. Prey spectra of Bornean Nepenthes species (Nepenthaceae) in relation to their habitat.PDF Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 20(2–3): 121–134.
Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1999. Palynological study of Bornean Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae).PDF Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 22(1): 1–7.
Amoroso, V.B., L.D. Obsioma, J.B. Arlalejo, R.A. Aspiras, D.P. Capili, J.J.A. Polizon & E.B. Sumile 2009. Inventory and conservation of endangered, endemic and economically important flora of Hamiguitan Range, southern Philippines. Blumea 54(1–3): 71–76. doi:10.3767/000651909X474113
Amoroso, V.B. & R.A. Aspiras 2011. Hamiguitan Range: a sanctuary for native flora. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 18(1): 7–15. doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2010.07.003
Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner & W. Federle 2012. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25(1): 90–102. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02406.x
Beveridge, N.G.P., C. Rauch, P.J.A. Keßler, R.R. van Vugt & P.C. van Welzen 2013. A new way to identify living species of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae): more data needed! Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 42(4): 122–128.
（拉丁文） Blume, C.L. 1852. Ord. Nepenthaceae.（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） In: Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum, sive stirpium exoticarum novarum vel minus cognitarum ex vivis aut siccis brevis expositio. Tom. II. Nr. 1. E.J. Brill, Lugduni-Batavorum. pp. 5–10.
Bonhomme, V., H. Pelloux-Prayer, E. Jousselin, Y. Forterre, J.-J. Labat & L. Gaume 2011. Slippery or sticky? Functional diversity in the trapping strategy of Nepenthes carnivorous plants. New Phytologist 191(2): 545–554. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03696.x
Clarke et al. Nepenthes maxima. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2000. [12 May 2006].
Clarke, C.M. 2006. Introduction. In: Danser, B.H. The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 1–15.
（印尼文） Darma, I.D.P., I.P. Suendra & H.-M. Siregar 2004. BP-17: Keanekaragaman Nepenthes di Taman Wisata Alam Nanggala III, Luwu, Sulawesi Selatan. [Nepenthes diversity in Taman Wisata Alam Nanggala III, Luwu, Sulawesi Selatan.] [pp. xiv–xv] In: Abstrak: Konggres dan Seminar Nasional Penggalang Taksonomi Tumbuhan Indonesia (PTTI) Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta, 19-20 Desember 2003.（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Sisipan Biodiversitas 5(1): i–xxxii.
（印尼文） Darma, I.D.P., I.P. Suendra & H.-M. Siregar 2004. Keanekaragaman Nepenthes di Taman Wisata Alam Nanggala III, Luwu, Sulawesi Selatan（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. [Diversity of Nepenthes at ecotour forest Nanggala III, Luwu, South Sulawesi.] BioSMART 6(2): 126–129.
Dixon, W.E. 1889. Nepenthes.（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） The Gardeners' Chronicle, series 3, 6(144): 354.
James, G. 1993. Some observations of carnivorous plants in habitat, Sulawesi: Indonesia.PDF Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 22(1–2): 29–30.
Kitching, R.L. 2000. Food Webs and Container Habitats: The natural history and ecology of phytotelmata（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Lecoufle, M. 1990. Nepenthes maxima. In: Carnivorous Plants: Care and Cultivation. Blandford, London. pp. 124–125.
（印尼文） Mansur, M. 2001. Koleksi Nepenthes di Herbarium Bogoriense: prospeknya sebagai tanaman hias.PDF In: Prosiding Seminar Hari Cinta Puspa dan Satwa Nasional. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Bogor. pp. 244–253.
Masters, M.T. 1889. Nepenthes Curtisi. The Gardeners' Chronicle, series 3, 6(154): 660–661.
Masters, M.T. 1890. New or noteworthy plants. Nepenthes stenophylla, Mast., sp. n.（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. The Gardeners' Chronicle, series 3, 8(192): 240.
McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Australia and New Guinea. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
Meimberg, H., A. Wistuba, P. Dittrich & G. Heubl 2001. Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data. Plant Biology 3(2): 164–175. doi:10.1055/s-2001-12897
（德文） Meimberg, H. 2002. Molekular-systematische Untersuchungen an den Familien Nepenthaceae und Ancistrocladaceae sowie verwandter Taxa aus der Unterklasse Caryophyllidae s. l..PDF Ph.D. thesis, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich.
Meimberg, H. & G. Heubl 2006. Introduction of a nuclear marker for phylogenetic analysis of Nepenthaceae. Plant Biology 8(6): 831–840. doi:10.1055/s-2006-924676
Meimberg, H., S. Thalhammer, A. Brachmann & G. Heubl 2006. Comparative analysis of a translocated copy of the trnK intron in carnivorous family Nepenthaceae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39(2): 478–490. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.11.023
（日語） Oikawa, T. 1992. Nepenthes maxima Reinw.. In: Muyū kusa – Nepenthes（無憂草 – Nepenthes）. [The Grief Vanishing.] Parco Co., Japan. p. 62.
Porter, J.N. 1940. Note on the germination of Nepenthes seed sown on agar（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Botanical Museum Leaflets Harvard University 8(3): 65–68.
Renner, T. & C.D. Specht 2011. A sticky situation: assessing adaptations for plant carnivory in the Caryophyllales by means of stochastic character mapping. International Journal of Plant Sciences 172(7): 889–901. doi:10.1086/660882
Renner, T. & C.D. Specht 2012. Molecular and functional evolution of class I chitinases for plant carnivory in the Caryophyllales. Molecular Biology and Evolution 29(10): 2971–2985. doi:10.1093/molbev/mss106
Rischer, R., M. Wenzel, J. Schlauer, G. Bringmann & L.A. Assi 1998. In vitro cultivation and experiments with carnivorous plants.PDF In: J. Schlauer & B. Meyers-Rice (eds.) Proceedings: Second Conference of the International Carnivorous Plant Society. International Carnivorous Plant Society, Fullerton. pp. 6–7.
Rischer, R., M. Wenzel, J. Schlauer, G. Bringmann & L.A. Assi 1998. In vitro cultivation and experiments with carnivorous plants.PDF In: J. Schlauer & B. Meyers-Rice (eds.) Proceedings: Second Conference of the International Carnivorous Plant Society. International Carnivorous Plant Society, Fullerton. pp. 6–7.
Shin, K.-S., S. Lee & B.J. Cha 2007. Suppression of phytopathogenic fungi by hexane extract of Nepenthes ventricosa x maxima leaf. Fitoterapia 78(7–8): 585–586. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2007.03.020
Slack, A. 1979. Nepenthes maxima. In: Carnivorous Plants. Ebury Press, London. p. 86.
Thorogood, C. 2010. The Malaysian Nepenthes: Evolutionary and Taxonomic Perspectives. Nova Science Publishers, New York.
Toma, I., C. Toma & I. Stănescu 2002. Histo-anatomical aspects of the Nepenthes maxima Reinw. ex Ness metamorphosed leaf.PDF Revue Roumaine de Biologie, Série de Biologie Végétale 47(1–2): 3–7.

扩展阅读

Nepenthes maxima from Celebes go international
食虫植物照片搜寻引擎中大猪笼草的照片（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

维基共享资源上的相關多媒體資源：马普鲁山猪笼草維基物種上的相關信息：马普鲁山猪笼草

[Hooker-1] （拉丁文） Hooker, J.D. 1873. Ordo CLXXV bis. Nepenthaceæ. In: A. de Candolle Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 17: 90–105.

[2] Masters, M.T. 1887. New or noteworthy plants. Nepenthes Curtisii, Mast., sp. nov.. The Gardeners' Chronicle, series 3, 2(49): 681, 689.

[夏洛特2007-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 夏洛特. 食蟲植物觀賞&栽培圖鑑. 台北: 商周出版. 2007: 60. ISBN 978-986-124-850-9.

[McPherson-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.

[Wowoni-5] （印尼文） Sunarti, S., A. Hidayat & Rugayah 2008. Keanekaragaman tumbuhan di hutan Pegunungan Waworete, Kecamatan Wawonii Timur, Pulau Wawonii, Sulawesi Tenggara. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） [Plants diversity at the mountain forest of Waworete, East Wawonii District, Wawonii Island, Southeast Sulawesi.] Biodiversitas 9(3): 194–198.

[epiphytica-6] Robinson, A.S., J. Nerz & A. Wistuba 2011. Nepenthes epiphytica, a new pitcher plant from East Kalimantan. In: McPherson, S.R. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 36–51.

[7] [Anonymous] 2013. BE-3543 Nepenthes maxima - wavy leaf.PDF Nepenthes Growers Newsletter 2(2): 7–8.

[8] Bourke, G. 2010. Plant profile: Nepenthes maxima.PDF Captive Exotics Newsletter 1(1): 9–10.

[9] Sharon, E., M. Marder & H.L. Swinney 2004. Leaves, flowers and garbage bags: making waves. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） American Scientist 92(3): 254–261.

[Evans-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Evans, D.P. 2009. New Cultivars: Nepenthes maxima ‘Lake Poso’ （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 38(1): 18–22.

[M&A2012-11] McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sulawesi. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]