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拜占庭历

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拜占庭历是一套拜占庭(东罗马)帝国东正教会历史上使用过的历法,历史上被称作“自创世以来的罗马年(古希臘語Ἔτη Γενέσεως Κόσμου κατὰ Ῥωμαίους[1]”或“创世年(古希腊语:Ἔτος Κτίσεως Κόσμου)”或“世界年(古希腊语:Ἔτος Κόσμου)”。东正教普世牧首辖区于约公元691年至1728年[2],拜占庭帝国官方于988年-1453年,罗斯诸国于约988年-约1700年使用这套历法,其他受拜占庭影响较大的国家,如塞尔维亚保加利亚历史上也曾使用这种历法。

这套历法与儒略历基本相同,主要区别有两点,一是以每年9月1日为新年第一天,纪年法则采用世界纪元,即以上帝创世的第一天为纪年之始。拜占庭宗教界以《旧约圣经七十士译本中的记载为基础推算的上帝创世之年相当于公元前5509年,拜占庭历的第一年为前5509年9月1日-前5508年8月31日。

來源

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  1. ^ Pavel Kuzenkov. "How Old is The World?: The Byzantine Era and its Rivals". Institute for World History, Moscow, Russia. In: Elizabeth Jeffreys, Fiona K. Haarer, Judith Gilliland. Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies: London, 21–26 August 2006: Vol. 3, Abstracts of Communications. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2006. pp. 23–24.
  2. ^ (希臘語) "Οικουμενικόν Πατριαρχείον", ΘΗΕ, τόμ. 09, εκδ. Μαρτίνος Αθ., Αθήνα 1966, στ. 778.
    (英語) "Ecumenical Patriarchate". Religious and Ethical Encyclopedia. Vol. 9., Athens, 1966. p. 778.

外部鏈接

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Hebrew calendar

更多閱讀

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一手來源

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  • Doukas英语Doukas. Decline and Fall of Byzantium To The Ottoman Turks. An Annotated Translation by Harry J. Magoulias. Wayne State University Press, 1975.
  • George Syncellus英语George Syncellus. The Chronography of George Synkellos: a Byzantine Chronicle of Universal History from the Creation. Transl. Prof. Dr. William Adler & Paul Tuffin. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
  • 阿伯拉罕·伊本·埃茲拉, Abraham ben Meïr, (1092–1167). Ibn Ezra's Commentary on the Pentateuch: Genesis (Bereshit). (Vol.1 – Genesis). Transl. and annotated by H. Norman Strickman & Arthur M. Silver. Menorah Pub. Co., New York, N.Y., 1988.
  • 塞克斯图斯·尤利乌斯·阿非利加努斯. Extant Writings III. The Extant Fragments of the Five Books of the Chronography of Julius Africanus.
  • 尼基塔斯·霍尼亚提斯. O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniates. Transl. by Harry J. Magoulias. Wayne State University Press, Detroit, 1984.
  • 老普林尼. 博物志 (老普林尼), XVIII, 210.
  • St. 該撒利亞的巴西流. Hexæmeron页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, 2nd Series (NPNF2). Transl. Philip Schaff, D.D., LL.D. (1819–1893): Volume VIII – Basil: Letters and Select Works. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., Grand Rapids, Michigan.
  • St. 普瓦捷的依拉略. On the Trinity. Book IV.
  • The Rudder (Pedalion): Comp. Hieromonk Agapius and monk Nicodemus the Hagiorite英语Nicodemus the Hagiorite. First printed and published 1800. Trans. D. Cummings, [from the 5th edition published by John Nicolaides (Kesisoglou the Caesarian) in Athens, Greece in 1908], Chicago: The Orthodox Christian Educational Society, 1957. Repr., New York, N.Y.: Luna Printing Co., 1983.
  • 宣信者狄奧法內斯. The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor: Byzantine and Near Eastern History, AD 284–813. Cyril Mango, Roger Scott, Geoffrey Greatrex (Eds.). Oxford University Press, 1997.
  • 安条克的狄奥菲鲁斯. Theophilus of Antioch to Autolycus. Book III. Chap XXIV (Chronology from Adam) – Chap. XXVIII (Leading Chronological Epochs).

二手來源

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21世紀

20世紀

  • Barry Setterfield. Ancient Chronology in Scripture页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆. September 1999.
  •  Chisholm, Hugh (编). Chronology. Encyclopædia Britannica 6 (第11版). London: Cambridge University Press: 305–318. 1911. 
  • Dr. Ben Zion Wacholder. "Biblical Chronology in the Hellenistic World Chronicles". in The Harvard Theological Review, Vol.61, No.3 (Jul., 1968), pp. 451–481.
  • Dr. Ben Zion Wacholder. Essays on Jewish Chronology and Chronography. Ktav Pub. House, 1976.
  • Dr. Floyd Nolan Jones. Chronology of the Old Testament. Master Books, Arizona, 1993. Repr. 2005. (supports Ussher's chronology, i.e. 4004 BC).
  • E.G. Richards. Mapping Time: The Calendar and its History. Oxford University Press, 1998.
  • Elias J. Bickerman. Chronology of the Ancient World. 2nd edition. Cornell University Press. 1980.
  • Fr. Stanley S. Harakas. The Orthodox Church: 455 Questions and Answers. Light & Life Publishing, Minneapolis, 1988.
  • George Ogg. "Hippolytus and the Introduction of the Christian Era". in Vigiliae Christianae, Vol.16, No.1 (Mar., 1962), pp. 2–18.
  • Howlett, J. "Biblical Chronology页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)". In The Catholic Encyclopedia (New Advent). New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908.
  • Jack Finegan. Handbook of Biblical Chronology: Principles of Time Reckoning in the Ancient World and Problems of Chronology in the Bible. Hendrickson Publishers, 1998.
  • Prof. Dr. William Adler. Time Immemorial: Archaic History and its Sources in Christian Chronography from Julius Africanus to George Syncellus. Washington, D.C. : Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1989.
  • K.A. Worp. Chronological Observations on Later Byzantine Documents. 1985. University of Amsterdam.
  • Foss, Clive. "Three Apparent Early Examples of the Era of Creation". Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, Bd. 31 (1978), pp. 241–246.
  • Roger S. Bagnall, K. A. Worp. The Chronological Systems of Byzantine Egypt. Zutphen, 1978.
  • V. Grumel. La Chronologie. Presses Universitaires France, Paris. 1958.
  • Rev. Philip Schaff (1819–1893), Ed. "Era." Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge New Edition, 13 Vols., 1908–14. Vol. 4, pp. 163页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
  • Van der Essen, L. "Chronicon Paschale页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)". In The Catholic Encyclopedia (New Advent). New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908.
  • Yiannis E. Meimaris. Chronological Systems in Roman-Byzantine Palestine and Arabia. Athens, 1992.

19世紀以及更早