波浪谷

The Wave
The Wave
最高点
海拔	5,225英尺（1,593米）
坐标	36°59′45.8″N 112°0′21.9″W / 36.996056°N 112.006083°W
地理
	The Wave Location in Arizona
位置	Coconino County, Arizona, U.S.
地质
岩石年代	侏罗纪

波浪谷（英语：The Wave）是位于美国亚利桑那州的一个旅游胜地，靠近犹他州北部边界。该地区位于科罗拉多高原内的帕里亚峡谷-朱红悬崖荒野区（英语：Paria Canyon-Vermilion Cliffs Wilderness）的狼丘上。属犹他州卡纳布大阶梯-埃斯卡兰特国家纪念区（英语：Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument）的土地管理局管理^[1]。

该地区因其砂岩地层色彩缤纷、起伏的地表以及艰难徒步旅行而广为人知。但由于地层脆弱而限制入境人数，采用每日抽签系统（最多16人）及每月线上抽签系统（最多48人）发放许可证^[2]^[3].

地质学

波浪谷由交叉的U形槽谷组成，这些槽谷是侵蚀在侏罗纪纳瓦霍砂岩内的U形槽。两个主要槽宽62英尺（19m）、长118英尺（36m）及宽7英尺（2m）、长52英尺（16m）。最初，这些槽由不频繁的水流沿纳瓦荷砂岩内的节理面被侵蚀。它们形成后，由于水流缩小，槽现在几乎完全被风侵蚀。在槽壁上有切入砂岩的侵蚀台阶和凸起，其方向与主要风的方向一致^[4]^[5]。

在波浪谷暴露了大面积风成砂岩内的交错层理，由交替的颗粒流和风纹层组成。其有规律和循环交替的周期性代表了侏罗纪时期大型沙丘在沙漠中，被盛行风迁移的周期性变化。由于颗粒流和风纹层具差异侵蚀（不同的抗侵蚀能力），因而造成在波浪谷中看到有规律和循环交替性的细脊和层理。根据这些砂岩的组成颗粒尺寸不同，它们的胶结程度亦不一样。有的砂岩很软及脆弱，尤其是细脊和肋纹。因此，游客必须小心行走，以免它们遭到破坏^[6]^[7]^[8]。

波浪谷远景观

在某些地区，波浪谷内的纳瓦荷砂岩具有变形的层理。这些变形层理是在砂岩石化之前就造成。这种变形很可能代表了这些沙子沉积后被恐龙践踏和搅拌的结果。在北狼丘（North Coyote Buttes）地区的纳瓦霍砂岩中发现了恐龙足迹和沙漠节肢动物（例如甲虫和其他昆虫）的化石洞穴^[9]。

参考文献

^ Bureau of Land Management (October 24, 2014). "Paria Canyon-Vermilion Cliffs – Wilderness Management Plan". BLM Website. Archived from the original on January 20, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
^ Bureau of Land Management. "Coyote Buttes Permit Area". BLM Website. Archived from the original on April 12, 2012. Retrieved April 6, 2012.
^ Bureau of Land Management. "BLM-AZ How to Obtain a Permit – Coyote Buttes Permit Area". BLM Website. Archived from the original on April 13, 2012. Retrieved April 6, 2012.
^ Loope, D.B.; Mason, J.A. (October 22, 2006). "Landforms generated by wind erosion of Navajo Sandstone outcrops at The Wave (Colorado Plateau, Utah / Arizona border.) Vol. 38, No. 7 (abstract: gsa.confex.com/gsa/2006AM/finalprogram/abstract_113067.htm)" (PDF). Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. p. 279. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 7, 2011.
^ Loope, D.B., W.M. Seiler, J.A. Mason, and M.A. Chan (2008) Wind scour of Navajo Sandstone at The Wave (central Colorado Plateau, U.S.A.) Journal of Geology. vol. 116, pp. 173–183.
^ Seiler, W.M. (August 1, 2008). "Jurassic Navajo sandstone of Coyote Buttes, Utah/Arizona : coloration and diagenetic history, preservation of a dinosaur trample surface, and terrestrial analogs to Mars (unpublished M.S. thesis, Dept. of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah)". none. Archived from the original on March 5, 2012.
^ Chan, M.A., and A.W. Archer (2000) Cyclic eolian stratification on the Jurassic Navajo Sandstone, Zion National Park: Periodicities and implications for paleoclimate. Archived April 21, 2016, at the Wayback Machine in D.A. Sprinkel, T.C. Chidsey, Jr., and P.B. Anderson, eds., pp. 607–18. Geology of Utah's Parks and Monuments.[dead link] Archived January 11, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Utah Geological Association, Salt Lake City, Utah.
^ Caputo, M.V. (2003) Geology of the Paria Canyon-Vermilion Cliffs Wilderness, Utah and Arizona. in D.A. Sprinkel, T.C. Chidsey Jr., and P.B. Anderson, eds., Geology of Utah's Parks and Monuments. Archived January 11, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Utah Geological Association, Salt Lake City, Utah.
^ Ekdale, A.A., R.G. Bromley, and D.B. Loope (2007) Ichnofacies of an ancient erg: a climatically influenced trace fossil association in the Jurassic Navajo Sandstone, Southern Utah, USA. in W. Miller, ed., 562–576, Trace Fossils. Concepts, Problems, Prospects. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

[”1”-1] Bureau of Land Management (October 24, 2014). "Paria Canyon-Vermilion Cliffs – Wilderness Management Plan". BLM Website. Archived from the original on January 20, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2016.

[”2”-2] Bureau of Land Management. "Coyote Buttes Permit Area". BLM Website. Archived from the original on April 12, 2012. Retrieved April 6, 2012.

[”3”-3] Bureau of Land Management. "BLM-AZ How to Obtain a Permit – Coyote Buttes Permit Area". BLM Website. Archived from the original on April 13, 2012. Retrieved April 6, 2012.

[”Mason”-4] Loope, D.B.; Mason, J.A. (October 22, 2006). "Landforms generated by wind erosion of Navajo Sandstone outcrops at The Wave (Colorado Plateau, Utah / Arizona border.) Vol. 38, No. 7 (abstract: gsa.confex.com/gsa/2006AM/finalprogram/abstract_113067.htm)" (PDF). Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. p. 279. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 7, 2011.

[”Loope”-5] Loope, D.B., W.M. Seiler, J.A. Mason, and M.A. Chan (2008) Wind scour of Navajo Sandstone at The Wave (central Colorado Plateau, U.S.A.) Journal of Geology. vol. 116, pp. 173–183.

[”Seiler”-6] Seiler, W.M. (August 1, 2008). "Jurassic Navajo sandstone of Coyote Buttes, Utah/Arizona : coloration and diagenetic history, preservation of a dinosaur trample surface, and terrestrial analogs to Mars (unpublished M.S. thesis, Dept. of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah)". none. Archived from the original on March 5, 2012.

[”Chan”-7] Chan, M.A., and A.W. Archer (2000) Cyclic eolian stratification on the Jurassic Navajo Sandstone, Zion National Park: Periodicities and implications for paleoclimate. Archived April 21, 2016, at the Wayback Machine in D.A. Sprinkel, T.C. Chidsey, Jr., and P.B. Anderson, eds., pp. 607–18. Geology of Utah's Parks and Monuments.[dead link] Archived January 11, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Utah Geological Association, Salt Lake City, Utah.

[”Caputo”-8] Caputo, M.V. (2003) Geology of the Paria Canyon-Vermilion Cliffs Wilderness, Utah and Arizona. in D.A. Sprinkel, T.C. Chidsey Jr., and P.B. Anderson, eds., Geology of Utah's Parks and Monuments. Archived January 11, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Utah Geological Association, Salt Lake City, Utah.

[”Ekdale”-9] Ekdale, A.A., R.G. Bromley, and D.B. Loope (2007) Ichnofacies of an ancient erg: a climatically influenced trace fossil association in the Jurassic Navajo Sandstone, Southern Utah, USA. in W. Miller, ed., 562–576, Trace Fossils. Concepts, Problems, Prospects. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

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