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严重急性呼吸综合症冠状病毒2变异株

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本文主要讲述严重急性呼吸综合症冠状病毒2变异株及其发生的错义突变

引发2019冠状病毒病严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(SARS-CoV-2冠状病毒)容易发生突变而产生变异株英语Variant (biology),关键病毒蛋白的突变即可能意味着其出现,目前已有多个变异株在世界各地形成并传播。由于病毒的核酸序列变异有可能导致抗原漂移,而使得病毒得以逃避宿主免疫应答,并影响疫苗的效力[1],这种现象称为免疫逃避英语antigenic escape

已有五种被世界卫生组织认定为值得关注的变异株,它们分别为Alpha变异株Beta变异株Gamma变异株Delta变异株以及Omicron变异株

变异株对照表

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最初检出 代号 重要突变 传播 相对于武汉首次发现变体的临床变化
地区 日期 WHO标签[2] PANGO谱系 PHE英语Public Health England变种[3] Nextstrain英语Nextstrain分化枝 传播力 致命性 抗原性
 奈及利亚 2020年8月[4] B.1.1.207 P681H[5] 多国[6] 无变化[5] 无变化[5]
 英国 2020年9月[2][7] Alpha[A] B.1.1.7[8] VOC-20DEC-01 20I (V1)[9] N501Y, 69–70del, P681H[5][10][11][12] 全球[7] 增高≈82% (43130%) [13] 正在调查 抗体中和效力略降低[14]
2021年1月[3] B.1.1.7#E484K书面挪威语Lineage B.1.1.7 with E484K[3] VOC-21FEB-02 20I (V1) N501Y, 69–70del, P681H,[5][15] E484K 多国 正在调查 正在调查 正在调查
 丹麦 2020年9月[16] B.1.1.298英语Cluster 5[17] Y453F, 69–70deltaHV[18] 可能灭绝[19]
 南非 2020年5月[2] Beta[A] B.1.351[5][8] VOC-20DEC-02 20H (V2)[20] N501Y, K417N, E484K[5][21][22][23][24][25] 多国[26] 增高≈50% (20113%) 无变化[27] 显著降低抗体中和效力[28][29][14][30]
 日本
 巴西
2020年11月[2] Gamma[A] P.1谱系[10][8] VOC-21JAN-02 20J (V3)[31] N501Y, E484K, K417T[5][32][33][34] 美国、巴西等68国[35] 增高≈161% (145174%)[36][C] 致命性增高≈50% (2090%) [37][B][D] 抗体中和效力降低[10]
 印度 2020年10月[2] Delta[A] B.1.617.2[39] VOC-21APR-02 21A[40] T478K, L452R, P681R 多国 增高≈198%[E] 正在调查[F] 抗体中和效力降低[46][30]
 美国 2020年3月[2][47] Epsilon B.1.427,B.1.429[47][48] 21C[49] L452R[48] 多国[48] 增高≈20% (18.6%–24.2%)[50] 恢复期和疫苗接种后血清中和效力降低
 巴西 2020年4月[51] Zeta P.2 VUI-21JAN-01 20B/S.484K[52] E484K,D614G,V1176F[53] 多国[51] 单克隆抗体中和效力可能降低,疫苗接种后血清中和效力降低
 英国
 奈及利亚
2020年12月[2][54] Eta B.1.525[55] VUI-21FEB-03 21D[56] E484K, F888L[55] 加拿大、美国、德国等69国[54] 单克隆抗体、恢复期和疫苗接种后血清中和效力可能降低
 菲律宾 2021年1月[2] Theta P.3[57] VUI-21MAR-02 21E[58] E484K,N501Y,P681H,141–143del[59] 菲律宾、美国等17国[57]
 印度 2020年10月[2] Kappa B.1.617.1[39] VUI-21APR-01 21B[60] E484Q, L452R, P681R[61] 多国 抗体中和效力降低[46]
 秘鲁 2020年8月[62] Lambda C.37[63] VUI-21JUN-01 21G[64] G75V,T76I,247-253del,L452Q,F490S,D614G,T859N[65] 智利、美国、秘鲁等44国[63]
 哥伦比亚 2021年1月 Mu B.1.621 VUI-21JUL-1 21H T95I、Y144S、Y145N、R346K、E484K
N501Y、D614G、P681H、D950N
哥伦比亚、美国等60国
 博茨瓦纳 2021年11月 Omicron[A] B.1.1.529 VUI-21NOV-1 21K A67V、Δ69-70、T95I、G142D、Δ143-145、Δ211
L212I、ins214EPE、G339D、S371L、S373P、S375F
K417N、N440K、G446S、S477N、T478K、E484A
Q493K、G496S、Q498R、N501Y、Y505H、T547K
D614G、H655Y、N679K、P681H、N764K
博茨瓦纳、南非等数国 有可能提高[66] 相对于 Delta:−63% (6974%) [67] 疫苗对有症状疾病的免疫效果降低[66]
  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 被世界卫生组织列为高关注变异株英语Variant of concern
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 The reported confidence or credible interval英语credible interval has a low probability, so the estimated value can only be understood as possible, not certain nor likely.
  3. ^ Another study[37] has estimated that P.1 may be ≈100% (50% CrI, 70140%) more transmissible.[B]
  4. ^ Preliminary results from a study in the Southern Region of Brazil found P.1 much more lethal for healthy young people. In groups without pre-existing conditions, the variant was found to be ≈490% (220985%) more lethal for men in the 20-39 age group, ≈465% (1901003%) more lethal for women in the 20-39 age group and ≈670% (4011083%) for women in the 40-59 age group.[38]
  5. ^ About 64% (26113%) more transmissible than the Alpha variant,[41] so 1.64 × 1.82 ≈ 2.98.
  6. ^ 相对2020年初参考病毒株,Delta变异株症状发展更快、更严重[42];相对Alpha变异株,感染者住院率增加约一倍[43][44]。但根据英格兰公共卫生署6月份报告,Delta变异株病例死亡率累计0.2%(如只计无注射疫苗则0.13%),而旧有Alpha变异株则为1.9%[45]

命名法

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目前严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2之变异株有三个常用的命名系统,分别由GISAIDNextstrain英语NextstrainPANGO建立。[2]

2021年5月31日,世界卫生组织宣布为重要变种病毒提供希腊字母标签,为免首先发现变种病毒的国家遭受歧视污名化[68]其中,命名规则在Mu变异株后跳过了希腊字母“Nu”和“Xi”这两个字母。据俄罗斯官方电视台《RT》报导,有不具名的WHO官员透露跳过“Nu”是为避免与发音相同的“New”混淆,至于跳过“Xi”则是由于这个字母的姓氏很普遍,为了避免“对区域的污名化”[69][70][71][72]

支序演化树

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PANGO命名系统的SARS-CoV-2谱系图
随疫情发展,D614G变异英语Variants of SARS-CoV-2#D614G(属B.1演化支[73])逐渐成为目前全球主要传播的严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2类型。[74]

以下为严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2主要变种的支序演化树简化示意图。[75]

SARS-CoV-2
A.1–A.6

WIV04/2019(参考基因组[76]

B.1[74]
B.1.1[94]
B.1.1.1
C.1

C.1.2 (B.1.1.1.1.2)[73][77]

C.36书面挪威语C.36 (B.1.1.1.36)[73]

Lambda变异株 (C.37谱系, B.1.1.1.37) [62][78][73]

Alpha变异株(B.1.1.7谱系) [A]

VOC-21FEB-02 (B.1.1.7#E484K)书面挪威语Lineage B.1.1.7 with E484K [3][A]

B.1.1.28

Gamma变异株 (P.1谱系) [A]

P.2谱系英语SARS-CoV-2 Zeta variant (Zeta) [79]

P.3谱系英语SARS-CoV-2 Theta variant (Theta)

B.1.1.207书面挪威语Lineage B.1.1.207

B.1.1.318 (AZ.1 - AZ.5)[73][80]

Omicron变异株(B.1.1.529谱系)[95][73][87][A]

BA.1[81]

BA.2[81]

BA.2.12 (BA.2.12.1)[82][83]

BA.2.75

BA.2.75.2 [84][85][86]

XBB (与 BA2.10.1 重组而形成) [87][88][89]

CH.1.1 [90]

BA.2.86
→ JN.1

KP.2

KP.3

LB.1

BA.3[87]

BA.4[87]

BA.4.6 [87][91][92]

BA.5

BA.5.1[87]

BA.5.2 (BF.7, BA.5.2.1.7) [87][93]

BA.5.3 (BQ.1, BA.5.3.1.1.1.1.1) [87][94][86][89]

Beta变异株 (Beta, B.1.351谱系) [A]

CAL.20C书面挪威语California-koronavarianten (Epsilon, B.1.427书面挪威语Lineage B.1.427B.1.429书面挪威语Lineage B.1.429) [B]

B.1.525英语SARS-CoV-2 Eta variant (Eta)

B.1.526英语SARS-CoV-2 Iota variant (Iota)

B.1.617谱系[39][106][107]

B.1.617.1英语SARS-CoV-2 Kappa variant (Kappa)

Delta变异株 (B.1.617.2) [96][A]

B.1.617.2.1德语B.1.617#B.1.617.2.1 (Delta Plus, AY.1) [97]

B.1.617.2.4.2 (Delta Plus, AY.4.2) [73][98]

B.1.617.3

B.1.618书面挪威语Lineage B.1.618 [99][100]

Mu变异株(B.1.621谱系)[101][102][103][104]

B.1.640 [105][87]

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 高关注变异株英语Variant of concern
  2. ^ 美国疾病控制与预防中心宣布的引发关切的变种英语Variant of concern

关注度之基准

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  1. 需要关注的变异株英语Variant of concern(英语:variant of concern,VOC[108]
  2. 需要留意的变异株英语Variant of interest(英语:variant of interest,VOI[108]
  3. 监视下的变异株英语Variant under monitoring(英语:variant under monitoring,VUM[108]

现阶段的主流变异株

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需要关注的变异株(VOC)

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病毒变异是一个自然随机过程,并引发关切的程度取决于其导致的传染性、发病率、死亡率,及逃避检测、免疫与治疗的风险。目前在世界的主要变异株为最早发现于非洲南部由希腊字母“Omicron”标记。

Omicron(B.1.1.529谱系)

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B.1.1.529变异株(WHO命名为Omicron[109][110][111])是目前变异最多的严重特殊传染性肺炎病毒。据媒体简报会上发布:这个变异株有超过50个突变[112],而单单在刺突蛋白的突变也有32种[110][113][112]

  • 于2021年11月,在非洲南部的波札那南非发现[112][114][111]
  • 2021年11月24日,升级为“VUM”等级。
  • 2021年11月26日,再升级为“VOC”等级。
  • 目前变种分支亚型:BA.1(标准亚型)、BA.2、BA.3、BA.4、BA.5,总共超过千种以上的“次分支”、“子代”及“重组”变异株。
目前“VOC-VOI”等级(需要留意)变异株
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  • BA.2.86:被称为“皮罗拉”(Pirola)
  • JN.1
目前“VOC-VUM”等级(监视)变异株
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  • KP.2
  • KP.3
  • KP.3.1.1
  • JN.1.7
  • JN.1.18
  • LB.1
  • XEC

过去的主流变异株

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需要关注的变异株(Previous VOC)

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Alpha(B.1.1.7谱系)

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B.1.1.7谱系,WHO命名为“Alpha”,又称VOC 202012/01,并称501Y.V1变种。部分与“N501Y”突变有关。有23个病毒基因变异点。

  • 在2020年9月,首次从英国东南方的肯特郡(Kent)所发现采集的样本中发现[115]
  • 2020年12月18日,升级为“VOC”等级。
  • 2022年3月9日,降级为“Previous VOC”等级。

Beta(B.1.351谱系)

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B.1.351谱系,WHO命名为“Beta”,又称501Y.V2变种。与“N501Y”、“K417N”、“E484K”突变有关,与先前的新冠病毒变种相比,501Y.V2变种的传染率增加约50%。[116]有证据表明,501Y.V2变种的刺突蛋白突变E484K可能会影响一些多克隆抗体单克隆抗体的中和作用。当前尚未有证据表明该变种影响严重特殊传染性肺炎的严重程度[117]。。

Gamma(P.1谱系)

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P.1谱系,WHO命名为“Gamma”,又称501Y.V3变种。包括三个相关突变:“N501Y”、“E484K”和“K417T”。

  • 2020年11月,在巴西发现。
  • 2021年1月2日,在东京国际机场从四名巴西飞抵日本的旅客发现,由日本国立感染症研究所报道[117]
  • 2021年1月11日,升级为“VOC”等级。
  • 2022年3月9日,降级为“Previous VOC”等级。

Delta(B.1.617.2谱系)

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B.1.617谱系是2020年10月于印度发现的一种双突变变异株。直到2021年1月前,该变异株的感染人数都寥寥无几。4月时该变异株已经蔓延至超过20个国家,遍及南极洲和南美洲以外的所有大洲。[120][121][122]

在该变异株约15个谱系定义突变中包括刺突蛋白突变D111D(同义突变英语synonymous substitution)、G142D[123]、P681R、E484Q[107]、L452R[124],其中后两个突变可能会影响恢复期血浆单克隆抗体的中和作用。[125]

英国公共卫生部英语Public Health England于5月7日将B.1.617.2列为“高关注变异株英语Variant of concern”,命名为VOC-21APR-02。[96][126]

5月10日WHO称,因为B.1.617较高的传染性,该变异正被列为全球范围内受关切变种[127]。6月1日WHO将受关切变种限定为B.1.617谱系当中的B.1.617.2(Delta)变种。[128] 稍后WHO将B.1.617.2命名为“Delta”。

5月21日,越南宣布发现一种传播性更高,由Delta变异株加上Alpha变异株上突变的病毒株。[129]6月3日,WHO澄清该病毒株不符合新混合变种的定义,并将其列为带有突变的Delta变种。[130]

据报道,Delta变异株基本传染数R0大约为6(有说法称其高达8或9)[131],是严重急性呼吸道症候群冠状病毒2型原始毒株基本传染数的2倍以上。[132]

  • 2021年4月4日,为升级为“VOI”等级。
  • 2021年5月11日,为升级为“VOC”等级。
  • 2022年6月7日,降级为“Previous VOC”等级。

需要留意的变异株(Previous VOI)

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Epsilon(B.1.427谱系、B.1.429谱系)

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B.1.427谱系、B.1.429谱系,WHO命名为“Epsilon”,于2020年3月在美国加州首次发现。

  • 2021年3月5日,升级为“VOI”等级。
  • 2021年7月6日,降级为“Previous VOI”等级。

Zeta(P.2谱系)

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P.2谱系,WHO命名为“Zeta”,于2020年4月在巴西里约热内卢首次发现。

  • 2021年3月17日,升级为“VOI”等级。
  • 2021年7月6日,降级为“Previous VOI”等级。

Eta(B.1.525谱系)

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B.1.525谱系,WHO命名为“Eta”,于2020年12月在奈及利亚首次发现。

  • 2021年3月17日,升级为“VOI”等级。
  • 2021年9月20日,降级为“Previous VOI”等级。

Iota(B.1.526谱系)

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B.1.526谱系,WHO命名为“Iota”,于2020年11月在美国纽约首次发现。

  • 2021年3月20日,升级为“VOI”等级。
  • 2021年9月20日,降级为“Previous VOI”等级。

Theta(P.3谱系)

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P.3谱系,WHO命名为“Theta”,于2021年1月在菲律宾首次发现。

  • 2021年3月24日,升级为“VOI”等级。
  • 2021年7月6日,降级为“Previous VOI”等级。

Kappa(B.1.617.1)

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B.1.617谱系的三个子谱系之一当中的“B.1.617.1”,WHO命名为“Kappa”,于2020年10月在印度首次发现。

  • 2021年4月4日,升级为“VOI”等级。
  • 2021年9月20日,降级为“Previous VOI”等级。

Lambda(C.37谱系)

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C.37谱系,WHO命名为“Lambda”,于2020年8月在秘鲁首次发现。

  • 2021年6月14日,升级为“VOI”等级。
  • 2022年3月9日,降级为“Previous VOI”等级。

Mu(B.1.621谱系)

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B.1.621谱系,WHO命名为“Mu”,于2021年1月在哥伦比亚首次发现。

  • 2021年8月30日,升级为“VOI”等级。
  • 2022年3月9日,降级为“Previous VOI”等级。

备注

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  1. ^ 台湾疾管署按美国CDC定义分三类,称为:需留意变异株(Variants of Interest, VOI)、高关注变异株(Variants of Concern, VOC)、高冲击变异株(Variant of High Consequence)。

参见

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参考文献

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  1. ^ SARS CoV-2 spike variants exhibit differential infectivity and neutralization resistance to convalescent or post-vaccination sera. [2021-03-24]. (原始内容存档于2021-12-08). 
  2. ^ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 追踪SARS-CoV-2变体. 世界卫生组织. [2021-06-18]. (原始内容存档于2021-12-14). 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Variants: distribution of case data, 9 July 2021. GOV.UK. [2021-07-10]. (原始内容存档于2021-07-14) (英语). 
  4. ^ Lineage B.1.1.207. cov-lineages.org. [2021-07-15]. (原始内容存档于2021-07-18). 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 CDC. Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [2021-01-04]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-15) (美国英语).  公有领域 本文含有此来源中属于公有领域的内容。
  6. ^ Lineage B.1.1.207. PANGO lineages. [2021-03-20]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-27). 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Lineage B.1.1.7. PANGO lineages英语Phylogenetic Assignment of Named Global Outbreak Lineages. [2021-05-31]. (原始内容存档于2021-06-07). 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Walensky, Rochelle P.; Walke, Henry T.; Fauci, Anthony S. SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern in the United States—Challenges and Opportunities. JAMA. 2021-03-16, 325 (11). ISSN 0098-7484. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.2294. 
  9. ^ Variant: 20I (Alpha, V1). covariants.org. [2021-06-28]. (原始内容存档于2021-06-29). 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 ECDC. Risk related to the spread of new SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in the EU/EEA - first update (PDF). 欧洲疾病预防控制中心. 2021-01-21 [2021-02-02]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-02-22). 
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  21. ^ Lowe, Derek. The New Mutations. In the Pipeline. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 2020-12-22 [2020-12-23]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-29). I should note here that there's another strain in South Africa that is bringing on similar concerns. This one has eight mutations in the Spike protein, with three of them (K417N, E484K and N501Y) that may have some functional role. 
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  30. ^ 30.0 30.1 Wall, Emma C; Wu, Mary; Harvey, Ruth; Kelly, Gavin; Warchal, Scott; Sawyer, Chelsea; Daniels, Rodney; Hobson, Philip; Hatipoglu, Emine; Ngai, Yenting; Hussain, Saira; Nicod, Jerome; Goldstone, Robert; Ambrose, Karen; Hindmarsh, Steve; Beale, Rupert; Riddell, Andrew; Gamblin, Steve; Howell, Michael; Kassiotis, George; Libri, Vincenzo; Williams, Bryan; Swanton, Charles; Gandhi, Sonia; Bauer, David LV. Neutralising antibody activity against SARS-CoV-2 VOCs B.1.617.2 and B.1.351 by BNT162b2 vaccination. The Lancet. 2021-06, 397 (10292): 2331–2333. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01290-3. 
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