早期人类走出非洲

早期智人（人属物种）的人口数次从非洲扩张到整个欧亚大陆，发生在旧石器时代早期和中期，即大约210万年前到20万年前。这些扩张与智人（解剖学上的现代人类，参见早期现代人）向欧亚大陆的扩张形成鲜明对比，后者可能在20万年前开始（参看人类单地起源说）。^[1]

人属（或任何人族）物种最早出现在非洲以外地区的历史，可追溯到近200万年前。 2018年一项研究主张，根据对含有石制品的最底层的磁性地层测年，早在2.12百万年前在中国大陆中部上陈地区就有人类存在。^[2] 非洲以外已知最古老的人类骨骼遗骸，来自格鲁吉亚的德马尼西（参看乔治亚原人），可追溯到1.8百万年前。

后来的扩张浪潮被认为在1.4百万年前左右（参看阿舍利），与前人有关；在0.8百万年前左右，与海德堡人有关。^[3]

直到1980年代初，早期人类被认为仅限于更新世早期的非洲大陆，即约0.8百万年前；在早更新世，东非以外的古人类迁徙仅有少数已知证据。^[4]^[5]

早期分散

在希腊及安那托利亚等地发现的希腊古猿与欧兰猿，时间约在距今8百万年前。在克里特岛发现的特拉奇洛斯足迹（英语：Trachilos footprint），时间约在距今6百万年前。学者认为，这显示当时人亚科的成员，已经由非洲拓展到地中海沿岸地区。

在距今5百60万年前，南猿在东非出现。在距今2百80万年前，在东非出现能人，为人属的起源。由2018年发掘的上陈遗址，学者估计在距今2百万年前，第一波人属从非洲离开，进入欧亚大陆。第一波出走非洲的人属，包括了乔治亚原人、佛罗勒斯人、海德堡人、尼安德特人、丹尼索瓦人与直立人等。由考古证据推断，乔治亚原人的年代距今1百80万年前，可能是最早一批移民。随后是距今1百40万年前进入欧洲的前人，以及8百万年前抵达欧洲的海德堡人。

现今找到最早具备现代人类特征的遗址，位于衣索比亚南部，估计距今约2百33万年前。由以色列的考古发现，在距今12万年前至8万年前，现代人类已经再度离开非洲，进入欧亚大陆。进入欧亚大陆的现代人类，取代了原本居住在亚洲的直立人以及在欧洲的尼安德塔人。

参见

东南亚的古人类（英语：Archaic humans in Southeast Asia）
早期智人
古代人类与现代人类的杂交（英语：Interbreeding between archaic and modern humans）

参考资料

^ The term "Out of Africa I" is informal and somewhat rare. The phrase Out of Africa used on its own generally refers to "Out of Africa II", the expansion of anatomically modern humans into Eurasia. "Out of Africa I" is used in 2004, in Marco Langbroek, 'Out of Africa': an investigation into the earliest occupation of the Old World, p. 61, and as the title of a collection of essays, J. G. Fleagle et al. (eds.), Out of Africa I: The First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia (2010). see also: Herschkovitz, Israel; et al. The earliest modern humans outside Africa. Science. 26 January 2018, 359 (6374): 456–459. Bibcode:2018Sci...359..456H. PMID 29371468. doi:10.1126/science.aap8369 . hdl:10072/372670 . ; Hurtley, Stella; Szuromi, Phil. Out of Africa Revisited. Science. 2005, 308 (5724): 922. S2CID 220100436. doi:10.1126/science.308.5724.921g.
^ Zhu Zhaoyu (朱照宇); Dennell, Robin; Huang Weiwen (黄慰文); Wu Yi (吴翼); Qiu Shifan (邱世藩); Yang Shixia (杨石霞); Rao Zhiguo (饶志国); Hou Yamei (侯亚梅); Xie Jiubing (谢久兵); Han Jiangwei (韩江伟); Ouyang Tingping (欧阳婷萍). Hominin occupation of the Chinese Loess Plateau since about 2.1 million years ago. Nature. 2018, 559 (7715): 608–612. Bibcode:2018Natur.559..608Z. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 29995848. S2CID 49670311. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0299-4. "Eight major magnetozones are recorded in the Shangchen section, four of which have normal polarity (N1 to N4) and four of which have reversed polarity (R1 to R4). By comparison with the geomagnetic polarity timescale [...] magnetozone N4 corresponds to the Réunion excursion (2.13–2.15 Ma) in L28."
^ Bar-Yosef, O.; Belfer-Cohen, A. From Africa to Eurasia – early dispersals. Quaternary International. 2001, 75 (1): 19–28. Bibcode:2001QuInt..75...19B. doi:10.1016/S1040-6182(00)00074-4.
^ Lahr, M. M. Saharan Corridors and Their Role in the Evolutionary Geography of 'Out of Africa I'. Baden, A.; et al (编). Out of Africa I: The First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia. Springer Netherlands. 2010: 27–46. ISBN 978-90-481-9035-5.
^ Straus, L. G.; Bar-Yosef, O. Out of Africa in the Pleistocene: an introduction. Quaternary International. 2001, 75 (1): 2–4. Bibcode:2001QuInt..75....1S. doi:10.1016/s1040-6182(00)00071-9.

[1] The term "Out of Africa I" is informal and somewhat rare. The phrase Out of Africa used on its own generally refers to "Out of Africa II", the expansion of anatomically modern humans into Eurasia. "Out of Africa I" is used in 2004, in Marco Langbroek, 'Out of Africa': an investigation into the earliest occupation of the Old World, p. 61, and as the title of a collection of essays, J. G. Fleagle et al. (eds.), Out of Africa I: The First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia (2010). see also: Herschkovitz, Israel; et al. The earliest modern humans outside Africa. Science. 26 January 2018, 359 (6374): 456–459. Bibcode:2018Sci...359..456H. PMID 29371468. doi:10.1126/science.aap8369 . hdl:10072/372670 . ; Hurtley, Stella; Szuromi, Phil. Out of Africa Revisited. Science. 2005, 308 (5724): 922. S2CID 220100436. doi:10.1126/science.308.5724.921g.

[Zhu2018-2] Zhu Zhaoyu (朱照宇); Dennell, Robin; Huang Weiwen (黄慰文); Wu Yi (吴翼); Qiu Shifan (邱世藩); Yang Shixia (杨石霞); Rao Zhiguo (饶志国); Hou Yamei (侯亚梅); Xie Jiubing (谢久兵); Han Jiangwei (韩江伟); Ouyang Tingping (欧阳婷萍). Hominin occupation of the Chinese Loess Plateau since about 2.1 million years ago. Nature. 2018, 559 (7715): 608–612. Bibcode:2018Natur.559..608Z. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 29995848. S2CID 49670311. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0299-4. "Eight major magnetozones are recorded in the Shangchen section, four of which have normal polarity (N1 to N4) and four of which have reversed polarity (R1 to R4). By comparison with the geomagnetic polarity timescale [...] magnetozone N4 corresponds to the Réunion excursion (2.13–2.15 Ma) in L28."

[Bar-Yosef,_O._2001-3] Bar-Yosef, O.; Belfer-Cohen, A. From Africa to Eurasia – early dispersals. Quaternary International. 2001, 75 (1): 19–28. Bibcode:2001QuInt..75...19B. doi:10.1016/S1040-6182(00)00074-4.

[Lahr_2010-4] Lahr, M. M. Saharan Corridors and Their Role in the Evolutionary Geography of 'Out of Africa I'. Baden, A.; et al (编). Out of Africa I: The First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia. Springer Netherlands. 2010: 27–46. ISBN 978-90-481-9035-5.

[Straus2001-5] Straus, L. G.; Bar-Yosef, O. Out of Africa in the Pleistocene: an introduction. Quaternary International. 2001, 75 (1): 2–4. Bibcode:2001QuInt..75....1S. doi:10.1016/s1040-6182(00)00071-9.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]