麻痹性贝毒
麻痹性贝毒(Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning toxin, PSP)是公认的四种贝毒症候群之一,它们有一些共同的特征,主要与双壳软体动物(如贻贝、蛤蜊、牡蛎和扇贝)有关。这些贝类是滤食性动物,会累积神经毒素,主要是由甲藻、矽藻和蓝藻等微小藻类产生的石房蛤毒素 (Saxitoxin ,STX)。[1] 亚历山大藻属双鞭毛藻是数量最多、分布最广的石房蛤毒素产生者,是亚北极、温带和热带地区产生麻痹性贝毒藻华的罪魁祸首[2]。 大多数有毒藻华都是由形态种链状亚历山大藻(Alexandrium catenella)、塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)、Gonyaulax catenella和亚历山大藻(Alexandrium fundyense)引起的[3], 它们共同组成了亚历山大藻种群。[4] 在亚洲,麻痹性贝毒主要与 Pyrodinium bahamense 物种的出现有关。[5]
有些河豚,包括膨胀单孔鲀,也含有石房蛤毒素,因此食用会造成伤害。[6]
麻痹性贝毒在许多种不同的贝毒中毒事件属最严重,因其强烈毒性,经常造成消费者的中毒死亡事件,同时发生案例的广布性与高发性,各国在水产品检验项目中莫不对麻痹性贝毒特别重视。
麻痹性贝毒与蓝藻
[编辑]真核双鞭毛藻和原核蓝藻(通常称为蓝绿藻)会产生麻痹性贝毒毒素(其中最常见的是石房蛤毒素)。在淡水海洋生态系中,蓝绿藻产生的石房蛤毒素对持久性有机污染物毒素的累积贡献最大。在蓝绿藻中,藻毒素的生物合成过程非常明确,而在甲藻中,藻毒素的生物合成过程大多还不清楚。放射性同位素追踪实验研究了蓝藻甲壳素的生物合成过程,结果显示这种合成过程非常复杂,涉及许多步骤、酵素和化学反应。起始试剂 L-精胺酸经过几个化学反应(其中一个罕见的化学反应称为克莱森酯缩合反应),经过四个中间产物,最终形成石房蛤毒素。[7]
澳洲淡水贻贝 Alathyria condola 极易累积神经毒素。每100克贻贝在与环状蓝藻(Anabaena circinalis)接触2到3天后,可能会含有80微克以上的神经毒素,这一含量足以对人类健康造成重大威胁。[8]
野生海洋哺乳动物体内的麻痹性贝毒
[编辑]在阿拉斯加,海獭的主要猎物之一大石房蛤(Saxidomus gigantea)作为一种化学防御机制会生物累积石房蛤毒素,因此麻痹性贝毒被认为可能是导致海獭死亡和发病的原因之一[9]。此外,摄取含有石房蛤毒素的鲭鱼也与座头鲸的死亡有关。[10]
在地中海,地中海僧海豹(Monachus monachus)[11]被怀疑死于麻痹性贝毒的其他案例也受到质疑, 因为缺乏额外的检测来排除其他致死原因。[12]。
历史
[编辑]关于麻痹性贝毒中毒事件,在十七世纪时的北美与欧洲已有类似事件的记载[13],但是当时对病因仍不清楚,直到1928年Meyer等人在报告中对麻痹性贝毒中毒的症状加以描述[14],并推测毒素的来源可能来自于涡鞭毛藻;随后又由喂食毒藻的贻贝实验中得到上述假说的证实[15],而麻痹性贝毒一系列毒素的化学结构也在1957年由石房蛤(Saxidomus giganteus)中所分离出的石房蛤毒素Saxitoxin(STX)首次确认[16],其分子式为 C10H17N7O4。
内部链接
[编辑]参考文献
[编辑]- ^ Clark, RF; Williams, SR; Nordt, SP; Manoguerra, AS. A review of selected seafood poisonings (PDF). Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine. 1999, 26 (3): 175–84. PMID 10485519. 原始内容存档于June 17, 2012.
- ^ Taylor, F. J. R.; Fukuyo, Y.; Larsen, J.; Hallegraeff, G. M. Taxonomy of harmful dinoflagellates. Hallegraeff, G.M.; Anderson, D.M.; Cembella, A.D. (编). Manual on Harmful Marine Microalgae. UNESCO. 2003: 389–432. ISBN 92-3-103948-2.
- ^ Cembella, A. D. Ecophysiology and Metabolism of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Marine Microalgae. Anderson, D. M.; Cembella, A. D.; Hallegraeff, G. M. (编). Physiological Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms. NATO ASI. Berlin: Springer. 1998: 381–403. ISBN 978-3-662-03584-9.
- ^ Balech, Enrique. The genus Alexandrium or Gonyaulax of the Tamarensis Group. Anderson, Donald M.; White, Alan W.; Baden, Daniel G. (编). Toxic Dinoflagellates. New York: Elsevier. 1985: 33–8. ISBN 978-0-444-01030-8.
- ^ Azanza, Rhodora V.; Max Taylor, F. J. R. Are Pyrodinium Blooms in the Southeast Asian Region Recurring and Spreading? A View at the End of the Millennium. Ambio: A Journal of the Human Environment. 2001, 30 (6): 356–64. PMID 11757284. S2CID 20837132. doi:10.1579/0044-7447-30.6.356.
- ^ Ngy, Laymithuna; Tada, Kenji; Yu, Chun-Fai; Takatani, Tomohiro; Arakawa, Osamu. Occurrence of paralytic shellfish toxins in Cambodian Mekong pufferfish Tetraodon turgidus: Selective toxin accumulation in the skin. Toxicon. 2008, 51 (2): 280–8. PMID 17996918. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.10.002. hdl:10069/22351 .
- ^ Tsuchiya, Shigeki; Cho, Yuko; Konoki, Keiichi; Nagasawa, Kazuo; Oshima, Yasukatsu; Yotsu-Yamashita, Mari. Biosynthetic route towards saxitoxin and shunt pathway. Scientific Reports. 2016-02-04, 6 (1): 20340. Bibcode:2016NatSR...620340T. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4740887 . PMID 26842222. S2CID 2697610. doi:10.1038/srep20340 (英语).
- ^ Negri, Andrew P.; Jones, Gary J. Bioaccumulation of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins from the cyanobacterium Anabaena circinalis by the freshwater mussel Alathyria condola. Toxicon. 1995-05-01, 33 (5): 667–678. ISSN 0041-0101. PMID 7660371. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(94)00180-G (英语).
- ^ DeGange, Anthony R.; Vacca, M. Michele. Sea Otter Mortality at Kodiak Island, Alaska, during Summer 1987. Journal of Mammalogy. November 1989, 70 (4): 836–8. JSTOR 1381723. doi:10.2307/1381723.
- ^ Geraci, Joseph R.; Anderson, Donald M.; Timperi, Ralph J.; St. Aubin, David J.; Early, Gregory A.; Prescott, John H.; Mayo, Charles A. Humpback Whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) Fatally Poisoned by Dinoflagellate Toxin. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 1989, 46 (11): 1895–8. doi:10.1139/f89-238.
- ^ Hernández, Mauro; Robinson, Ian; Aguilar, Alex; González, Luis Mariano; López-Jurado, Luis Felipe; Reyero, María Isabel; Cacho, Emiliano; Franco, José; López-Rodas, Victoria; Costas, Eduardo. Did algal toxins cause monk seal mortality?. Nature. 1998, 393 (6680): 28–9. Bibcode:1998Natur.393...28H. PMID 9590687. S2CID 4425648. doi:10.1038/29906. hdl:10261/58748 .
- ^ Van Dolah, Frances M. Effects of Harmful Agal Blooms. Reynolds, John E. (编). Marine Mammal Research: Conservation Beyond Crisis. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2005: 85–101. ISBN 978-0-8018-8255-5.
- ^ Kao, 1993; Prakach et al. 1971)
- ^ Meyer et al, 1928
- ^ Sommer and Mayer, 1937
- ^ Schantz, et al., 1957
外部链接
[编辑]- Toxicity, Shellfish (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Lawrence JF, Maher M, Watson-Wright W. Effect of cooking on the concentration of toxins associated with paralytic shellfish poison in lobster hepatopancreas. Toxicon. 1994 Jan, 32 (1): 57–64. PMID 9237337.
- Yentsch CM, Balch W. Lack of secondary intoxification by red tide poison in the American lobster Homarus americanus. Environ Lett. 1975, 9 (3): 249–54. PMID 1238253.
- SeaGrant Alaska's information on PSP
- Washington State Shellfish Biotoxin Program