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联邦州(通常简称为,行政区,地方等)是一个联邦国家的领土和宪法的组成部分。这些州与主权国家有所不同,他们的主权权力部分已经转移到联邦政府[1]。一个联邦州保持在规定的地域行使行政管辖权,是一种区域政府的形式。

在某些情况下,联邦是两个或两个以上的政治实体联合创建的。政治实体是独立的政治实体,或是境外领土(最常见的是殖民政权)[2]。在其他情况下,联邦是两个或两个以上的单一制国家组成。[3]。一旦形成一个联邦,联邦和联邦州之间的关系的规则成为联邦的宪法,不是国际法律的一部分。

在有联邦宪法的国家中,中央政府和州政府事权有一个划分。这些州,省等等自治实体 - 是部分自治,并得到一定程度的宪法保障的自主权,但是事权的划分每一个一个联邦不同 [4]。从理论上讲,一个联邦州的立法权力不应该被联邦政府否决,虽然这并非总是如此。但是,联邦和地区自治实体之间的事权的划分,是可以通过修改联邦宪法和州宪法来修改的。

List of constituents by federation

[编辑]

The "federated units" in the table below have inherent governmental authority in the federation's constitutional system, while the "other units" are delegated authority by the federal government or are administered directly by it.

Federation Federated units Other units
 阿根廷[5] 23 provinces:
1 autonomous city:
 Autonomous City of Buenos Aires
 澳大利亚[6] 6 states:
10 territories:
 澳大利亚首都领地
 北领地
 圣诞岛
 科科斯(基林)群岛
 诺福克岛[7]
 Jervis Bay Territory
 Ashmore and Cartier Islands
 Australian Antarctic Territory
 Coral Sea Islands Territory
 Heard Island and McDonald Islands
 奥地利[8] 9 states:
 比利时[9]
 波黑 2 entities:[7]
 塞族共和国
 波士尼亚与赫塞哥维纳联邦
1 self-governing district:
Brčko (officially condominium of both constituents)
Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is itself a federation with 10 cantons:
Una-Sana · Posavina · Tuzla · Zenica-Doboj · Bosnian Podrinje · Central Bosnia · Herzegovina-Neretva · West Herzegovina · Sarajevo · West Bosnia
 巴西[10] 26 states:
1 federal district:
联邦区 (巴西) Distrito Federal (Brasília)[Federated states 3]
5,564 municipalities[Federated states 4][11]
 加拿大[12] 10 provinces:
3 territories:
 西北地区
 努纳武特地区
 育空地区
 科摩罗 3 islands:[7]
 昂儒昂岛
Grande Comore
Mohéli
 衣索比亚[13] 9 regions:
Afar · Amhara · Benishangul-Gumuz · Gambela · Harari · Oromiya · Somali · Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region · Tigray
2 chartered cities:
Addis Ababa · Dire Dawa
 德国[14] 16 states:
 印度[15] 28 states:
Andhra Pradesh · Arunachal Pradesh · Assam · Bihar · Chhattisgarh · Goa · Gujarat · Haryana · Himachal Pradesh · Jammu and Kashmir · Jharkhand · Karnataka · Kerala · Madhya Pradesh · Maharashtra · Manipur · Meghalaya · Mizoram · Nagaland · Orissa · Punjab · Rajasthan · Sikkim · Tamil Nadu · Tripura · Uttar Pradesh · Uttarakhand · West Bengal
7 union territories:
Andaman and Nicobar Islands · Chandigarh · Dadra and Nagar Haveli · Daman and Diu · Lakshadweep · National Capital Territory · Pondicherry
 伊拉克[16] 18 governorates:
Baghdād · Salāh ad-Dīn · Diyālā · Wāsit · Maysān · Al-Basrah · Dhī Qār · Al-Muthannā · Al-Qādisiyyah · Bābil · Karbalā' · An-Najaf · Al-Anbar · Nīnawā · Duhok · Arbīl · Kirkuk (or At-Ta'mim) · As-Sulaymāniyyah
Autonomous region:
 伊拉克库尔德斯坦[7]
(The region overlaps the area of the governorates)
 马来西亚[17] 13 states:
3 federal territories:
 布城
 吉隆坡
 纳闽
 墨西哥[18] 31 states:
1 federal district:
Distrito Federal (Ciudad de México)
 密克罗尼西亚联邦[19] 4 states:
 丘克
 科斯雷
 波纳佩
 雅浦
 尼泊尔 14 zones:
Bagmati · Bheri · Dhawalagiri · Gandaki · Janakpur · Karnali · Koshi · Lumbini · Mahakali · Mechi · Narayani · Rapti · Sagarmatha · Seti
 奈及利亚[20] 36 states:
Anambra · Enugu · Akwa Ibom · Adamawa · Abia · Bauchi · Bayelsa · Benue · Borno · Cross River · Delta · Ebonyi · Edo · Ekiti · Gombe · Imo · Jigawa · Kaduna · Kano · Katsina · Kebbi · Kogi · Kwara · Lagos · Nasarawa · Niger State · Ogun · Ondo · Osun · Oyo · Plateau · Rivers · Sokoto · Taraba · Yobe · Zamfara
1 capital territory:
Abuja
 巴基斯坦[21] 4 provinces:
Balochistan · Khyber Pakhtunkhwa · Punjab · Sindh
2 autonomous areas:[7]
自由克什米尔 Azad Kashmir
 Gilgit–Baltistan
2 territories:
Islamabad Capital Territory · Federally Administered Tribal Areas
 俄罗斯[22][23] 21 republics:[7]
46 oblasts:
9 krais:
1 autonomous oblast:[7]
Jewish Autonomous Oblast
4 autonomous okrugs:[7]
2 federal-level cities:
Moscow
Saint Petersburg
 圣基茨和尼维斯 2 states:
 索马里[24][25] 3 states:[Federated states 6]
 索马利兰  ·  邦特兰  · 索马里 Galmudug
 南苏丹 10 states:

Central Equatoria  · Eastern Equatoria  · Jonglei  · Lakes  · Northern Bahr el Ghazal  · Unity  · Upper Nile  · Warrap  · Western Bahr el Ghazal  · Western Equatoria

 苏丹[26] 15 states:

Al Jazirah · Blue Nile  · Sennar  · White Nile  · North Darfur · South Darfur  · West Darfur  · Kassala · Al Qadarif · Red Sea  · Khartoum  · Kurdufan · North Kurdufan · South Kurdufan  · Northern · River Nile

 瑞士[27] 26 cantons:
 阿联酋[28] 7 emirates:
 美国[29] 50 states:
Unincorporated territories:
 美属萨摩亚
 关岛
 北马里亚纳群岛
 波多黎各
 美属维尔京群岛
Baker Island  · Howland Island  · Jarvis Island  · Johnston Atoll  · Kingman Reef  · Midway Atoll  · Navassa Island  · Wake Island
(The United States also claims Bajo Nuevo Bank and Serranilla Bank).
1 特区:
华盛顿哥伦比亚特区
1 incorporated territory:
Palmyra Atoll
 委内瑞拉[30] 23 states:
1 federal district:
联邦区 (委内瑞拉)
1 federal dependency:
联邦属地 (委内瑞拉)
Notes
  1. ^ The Flemish Region and Walloon Region are subdivided into five provinces each, which are mandated by the Constitution of Belgium. Provincial governance are the responsibility of the regional governments.
  2. ^ The communities and regions are separate government institutions with different areas of responsibility. The communities are organized based on linguistic boundaries, which are different from regional boundaries.
  3. ^ The federal city has a level of self-ruling equal to the other main federal units.
  4. ^ The 1988 Brazilian Constitution treats the municipalities as parts of the Federation and not simply dependent subdivisions of the states.
  5. ^ Saint Kitts is governed directly by the federal government.
  6. ^ Adopted constitution accommodates existing regional governments, with the ultimate number and boundaries of the Federal Member States to be determined by the House of the People of the Federal Parliament.

注释

[编辑]
  1. ^ Constitution of the United States of America: Tenth Amendment, Reserved Powers
  2. ^ 例子澳大利亚美国
  3. ^ 1993年在比利时发生这种情况。比利时地区此前已经下放权力
  4. ^ 例如,加拿大各省与瑞士各州比大多数非西方联邦拥有大量的权力,享受更多的保护,防止中央政府的干扰与。
  5. ^ Daniel, Kate; Special Broadcasting Service Corporation. SBS World Guide: The Complete Fact File on Every Country, 16th ed.. Prahran, Victoria, Australia: Hardie Grant Books. 2008: 827. ISBN 978-1-74066-648-0. p26. 
  6. ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p38
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 Autonomous region. See more at List of autonomous areas by country
  8. ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p46
  9. ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p74
  10. ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p101
  11. ^ Article 18
  12. ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p132
  13. ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p239
  14. ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p275
  15. ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p328
  16. ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p346
  17. ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p460
  18. ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p481
  19. ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p486
  20. ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p537
  21. ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p549
  22. ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p600
  23. ^ Federal structure of Russia, Article 65 of Russian Constitution.
  24. ^ The Federal Republic of Somalia - Harmonized Draft Constitution (PDF). Federal Republic of Somalia. [2 August 2012]. 
  25. ^ Guidebook to the Somali Draft Provisional Constitution. [2 August 2012]. 
  26. ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p687
  27. ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p700
  28. ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p760
  29. ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p774
  30. ^ SBS World Guide 2008, p798