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火槍

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  關於其他用法，請見「火槍 (消歧義)」。
記載於《火龍經》上的火槍形象，14世紀末（約1360-1375）

火槍是一種中國古代的火器，最早出現於公元10-12世紀。火槍是所有現代火藥類武器的鼻祖[1]，曾在宋金戰爭期間發揮了巨大作用。它最初是一種附在長柄武器（即「槍」）上的小型煙火式裝置，用於在近戰開始時獲得衝擊優勢[2]。隨着火藥的改進，爆炸物的排放量增加，碎片或彈丸等也被添加，使其具有現代火焰噴射器以及霰彈槍組合的一些效果，但射程非常短（約3公尺或10英尺），而且只有一發子彈（一些設計可擊發兩次）。至13世紀末期，火槍的槍管已轉變為金屬材料，以更好地承受爆炸衝擊波，並且槍頭的尖刺設計被放棄，轉而成為僅依靠火藥擊發完成攻擊的純火器。這些武器日後演變為了最早的手銃[3]。

名稱

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根據使用王朝的不同以及構造等若干差異方面，火槍在當時有着包括「突火槍」、「梨花槍」、「火門槍」、「槍砲」等不同的名稱。此外，因為現代漢語裡的小型火器亦以「槍」一詞通稱，「火槍」一詞在現代漢語裡既可以表示步槍時代以前的早期火器（特別是鳥銃等），也可以用於指代後來所有的近現代槍支，在這種場合下一般將前者替稱為「火矛槍」以作區分。

設計

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參見：火箭 (古代)

最早出現的火槍由一根通常是竹子的管子組成，裡面裝有火藥和一根慢火柴，綁在長矛或其他長柄武器上。 一旦點燃，火藥管就會向矛頭方向噴射出一股火焰。 後來將鐵丸或陶器碎片等射彈添加到火藥中。 發射時，火藥裝藥將彈丸與火焰一起噴射出來[4]。

金屬火槍管出現在13世紀中葉左右，並且不再捆綁於槍上，開始獨立於長槍本身而使用。獨立出來的金屬炮管被稱為「eruptor」，成為手銃的前身[4]。

在歐洲，以木管制造的火槍版本曾被使用[5]。

圖集

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  • 茅元儀所著的《武備志》上記載之火槍，1621年
    茅元儀所著的《武備志》上記載之火槍，1621年
  • 「沖陣火葫蘆」，在火藥爆炸中釋放鉛丸的多類火槍之一，來自《火龍經》的插圖。
    「沖陣火葫蘆」，在火藥爆炸中釋放鉛丸的多類火槍之一，來自《火龍經》的插圖。
  • 記載於《火龍經》上的「神行破陣猛火刀牌」，約1360-1375，裝載有火槍的移動盾牌，用於破壞敵人的陣型
    記載於《火龍經》上的「神行破陣猛火刀牌」，約1360-1375，裝載有火槍的移動盾牌，用於破壞敵人的陣型
  • 揮舞着火槍的騎士，約1396
    揮舞着火槍的騎士，約1396
  • Illustrations of fire lances from De la pirotechnia by Vannoccio Biringuccio 約1540.
    Illustrations of fire lances from De la pirotechnia by Vannoccio Biringuccio 約1540.

參見

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參考文獻

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  1. ^ Andrade 2016，第35頁.
  2. ^ Andrade 2016，第38頁.
  3. ^ Andrade 2016，第33頁.
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Andrade 2016，第51頁.
  5. ^ Brown, Ruth Rhynas. Troncks, rockets and fiery balls: Military fireballs of the early modern period. Journal of the Ordnance Society. 2005, 17: 25–36. 

書目

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  • Adle, Chahryar, History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in Contrast: from the Sixteenth to the Mid-Nineteenth Century, 2003 
  • Ágoston, Gábor, Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire, Cambridge University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-521-60391-1 
  • Agrawal, Jai Prakash, High Energy Materials: Propellants, Explosives and Pyrotechnics, Wiley-VCH, 2010 
  • Andrade, Tonio, The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History, Princeton University Press, 2016, ISBN 978-0-691-13597-7 .
  • Arnold, Thomas, The Renaissance at War, Cassell & Co, 2001, ISBN 0-304-35270-5 
  • Benton, Captain James G. A Course of Instruction in Ordnance and Gunnery 2. West Point, New York: Thomas Publications. 1862. ISBN 1-57747-079-6. 
  • Brown, G. I., The Big Bang: A History of Explosives, Sutton Publishing, 1998, ISBN 0-7509-1878-0 .
  • Buchanan, Brenda J. (編), Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A Technological History, Technology and Culture (Aldershot: Ashgate), 2006, 49 (3): 785–786 [2023-10-29], ISBN 0-7546-5259-9, S2CID 111173101, doi:10.1353/tech.0.0051, （原始內容存檔於2016-03-05） 
  • Chase, Kenneth, Firearms: A Global History to 1700, Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-521-82274-2 .
  • Cocroft, Wayne, Dangerous Energy: The archaeology of gunpowder and military explosives manufacture, Swindon: English Heritage, 2000 [2023-10-29], ISBN 1-85074-718-0, （原始內容存檔於2019-12-21） 
  • Cowley, Robert, Experience of War, Laurel, 1993 .
  • Cressy, David, Saltpeter: The Mother of Gunpowder, Oxford University Press, 2013 
  • Crosby, Alfred W., Throwing Fire: Projectile Technology Through History, Cambridge University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-521-79158-8 .
  • Curtis, W. S., Long Range Shooting: A Historical Perspective, WeldenOwen, 2014 .
  • Earl, Brian, Cornish Explosives, Cornwall: The Trevithick Society, 1978, ISBN 0-904040-13-5 .
  • Easton, S. C., Roger Bacon and His Search for a Universal Science: A Reconsideration of the Life and Work of Roger Bacon in the Light of His Own Stated Purposes, Basil Blackwell, 1952 
  • Ebrey, Patricia B., The Cambridge Illustrated History of China, Cambridge University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-521-43519-6 
  • Grant, R.G., Battle at Sea: 3,000 Years of Naval Warfare, DK Publishing, 2011 .
  • Hadden, R. Lee. 2005. "Confederate Boys and Peter Monkeys." （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Armchair General. January 2005. Adapted from a talk given to the Geological Society of America on March 25, 2004.
  • Harding, Richard, Seapower and Naval Warfare, 1650-1830, UCL Press Limited, 1999 
  • al-Hassan, Ahmad Y., Potassium Nitrate in Arabic and Latin Sources, History of Science and Technology in Islam, 2001 [23 July 2007], （原始內容存檔於2019-05-20） .
  • Hobson, John M., The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation, Cambridge University Press, 2004 .
  • Johnson, Norman Gardner. Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica Online. （原始內容存檔於2015-04-26） 使用|archiveurl=需要含有|url= (幫助).  |contribution=被忽略 (幫助);
  • Kelly, Jack, Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, & Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive that Changed the World, Basic Books, 2004, ISBN 0-465-03718-6 .
  • Khan, Iqtidar Alam, Coming of Gunpowder to the Islamic World and North India: Spotlight on the Role of the Mongols, Journal of Asian History, 1996, 30: 41–5 .
  • Khan, Iqtidar Alam, Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India, Oxford University Press, 2004 
  • Khan, Iqtidar Alam, Historical Dictionary of Medieval India, The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 2008, ISBN 978-0-8108-5503-8 
  • Kinard, Jeff, Artillery An Illustrated History of its Impact, 2007 
  • Konstam, Angus, Renaissance War Galley 1470-1590, Osprey Publisher Ltd., 2002 .
  • Liang, Jieming, Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity, Singapore, Republic of Singapore: Leong Kit Meng, 2006, ISBN 981-05-5380-3 
  • Lidin, Olaf G., Tanegashima – The Arrival of Europe in Japan, Nordic Inst of Asian Studies, 2002, ISBN 8791114128 
  • Lorge, Peter, Warfare in China to 1600, Routledge, 2005 
  • Lorge, Peter A., The Asian Military Revolution: from Gunpowder to the Bomb, Cambridge University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-521-60954-8 
  • Lu, Gwei-Djen, The Oldest Representation of a Bombard, Technology and Culture, 1988, 29 (3): 594–605, JSTOR 3105275, doi:10.2307/3105275 
  • McLachlan, Sean, Medieval Handgonnes, 2010 
  • McNeill, William Hardy, The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community, University of Chicago Press, 1992 .
  • Morillo, Stephen, War in World History: Society, Technology, and War from Ancient Times to the Present, Volume 1, To 1500, McGraw-Hill, 2008, ISBN 978-0-07-052584-9 
  • Needham, Joseph, Science & Civilisation in China, 5 pt. 4, Cambridge University Press, 1980, ISBN 0-521-08573-X 
  • Needham, Joseph, Science & Civilisation in China, V:5 pt. 7: The Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press, 1986, ISBN 0-521-30358-3 .
  • Nicolle, David, The Mongol Warlords: Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, Hulegu, Tamerlane, 1990 
  • Nolan, Cathal J., The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650: an Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization, Vol 1, A-K 1, Westport & London: Greenwood Press, 2006, ISBN 0-313-33733-0 
  • Norris, John, Early Gunpowder Artillery: 1300–1600, Marlborough: The Crowood Press, 2003 .
  • Partington, J. R., A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder, Cambridge, UK: W. Heffer & Sons, 1960 .
  • Partington, J. R., A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-8018-5954-9 
  • Patrick, John Merton, Artillery and warfare during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, Utah State University Press, 1961 .
  • Pauly, Roger, Firearms: The Life Story of a Technology, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004 .
  • Perrin, Noel, Giving up the Gun, Japan's reversion to the Sword, 1543–1879需要免費註冊, Boston: David R. Godine, 1979, ISBN 0-87923-773-2 
  • Petzal, David E., The Total Gun Manual (Canadian edition), WeldonOwen, 2014 .
  • Phillips, Henry Prataps, The History and Chronology of Gunpowder and Gunpowder Weapons (c.1000 to 1850), Notion Press, 2016 
  • Purton, Peter, A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 1200–1500, Boydell Press, 2010, ISBN 978-1-84383-449-6 
  • Robins, Benjamin, New Principles of Gunnery, 1742 
  • Rose, Susan, Medieval Naval Warfare 1000-1500, Routledge, 2002 
  • Roy, Kaushik, Warfare in Pre-British India, Routledge, 2015 
  • Schmidtchen, Volker (1977a), "Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit", Technikgeschichte 44 (2): 153–173 (153–157)
  • Schmidtchen, Volker (1977b), "Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit", Technikgeschichte 44 (3): 213–237 (226–228)
  • Swope, Kenneth M., The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty, 1618-44 (Asian States and Empires), Routledge, 2013 .
  • Tran, Nhung Tuyet, Viêt Nam Borderless Histories, University of Wisconsin Press, 2006 .
  • Turnbull, Stephen, Fighting Ships Far East (2: Japan and Korea Ad 612-1639, Osprey Publishing, 2003, ISBN 1-84176-478-7 
  • Urbanski, Tadeusz, Chemistry and Technology of Explosives III, New York: Pergamon Press, 1967 .
  • Villalon, L. J. Andrew, The Hundred Years War (part II): Different Vistas, Brill Academic Pub, 2008, ISBN 978-90-04-16821-3 
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  • Watson, Peter, Ideas: A History of Thought and Invention, from Fire to Freud, Harper Perennial (2006), 2006, ISBN 0-06-093564-2 
  • Willbanks, James H., Machine guns: an illustrated history of their impact, ABC-CLIO, Inc., 2004 

外部連結

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  • Little Bit of Info on the Fire Lance （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
  • Medieval Chinese Armies, 1260-1520 (Men-at-arms S.) by Chris J. Peers. ISBN 1-85532-599-3
  • Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
取自「https://wiki.zwnes.eu.org/w/index.php?title=火枪&oldid=81385398」