胡椒屬

胡椒屬
	P. magnificum
科學分類
界：	植物界 Plantae
演化支：	維管束植物 Tracheophyta
演化支：	被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支：	木蘭類植物 Magnoliids
目：	胡椒目 Piperales
科：	胡椒科 Piperaceae
屬：	胡椒屬 Piper; L., 1754
種
	1000–2000
異名
	Anderssoniopiper Trel.; Arctottonia Trel.; Artanthe Miq.; Chavica Miq.; Discipiper Trel. & Stehlé; Lepianthes Raf.; Lindeniopiper Trel.; Macropiper Miq.; Ottonia Spreng.; Pleiostachyopiper Trel.; Pleistachyopiper Trel.; Pothomorphe Miq.; Trianaeopiper Trel.;

胡椒屬植物在經濟和生態方面都很重要，包括大約有1,000-2,000餘種，有草本、灌木、藤本甚至是小喬木，胡椒科植物既不屬於雙子葉植物也不屬於單子葉植物，和三白草科親源關係較近，在胡椒科內，胡椒屬和草胡椒屬的親源關係較近。

胡椒屬植物分布在世界各地的熱帶地區，多數品種生長在熱帶雨林中，也有少數品種可以生長在比較開闊地帶或亞熱帶地區。

部分胡椒屬藤本品種在溫暖地區可以作為園藝品種，但胡椒屬的主要用途還是作為香料和蔬菜，人類最早在大約9,000年前就已經知道應用胡椒作為食品香料，主要用黑胡椒（Piper nigrum），此外像墨西哥葉胡椒（Piper auritum）、蓽澄茄（Piper cubeba）、長胡椒（Piper longum）、西非胡椒（Piper guineen）也常被應用。越南的羅洛胡椒（Piper lolot）以及東南亞的假蒟（Piper sarmentosum）葉子都是當地的蔬菜。胡椒屬許多品種還被許多地方作為當地的草藥使用。

主要品種

胡椒屬植物在美洲有約700種，在東南亞有300餘種，在南太平洋有40多種，在非洲有約15種。^[1]

蘭嶼風藤 Piper arborescens
Piper achupallasense
Piper aduncum
Piper aequilaterum C.DC.
Piper alwynii M. A. Jaram., 2023^[2]
Piper amalgo
Piper angamarcanum
蘭嶼胡椒 Piper arborescens Roxb.
西藏胡椒 Piper arunachalense Gajurel, Rethy & Y. Kumar
卵葉胡椒 Piper attenuatum Buch.-Ham. ex Miq.
墨西哥胡椒葉 Piper auritum
華南胡椒 Piper austrosinense Y. C. Tseng
Piper azuaiense
Piper baezanum
Piper baezense
Piper begoniiforme
蔞葉 Piper betle L.
苧葉蒟 Piper boehmeriaefolium
(Miq.) C. DC.
- 光軸苧葉蒟 Piper boehmeriaefolium var. tonkinense C. DC.
復毛胡椒 Piper bonii
C. DC.
- 大葉復毛胡椒 Piper bonii var. macrophyllum Y. C. Tseng
Piper borneense
Piper brachipilum
Piper brachystylum
Piper bullatifolium
Piper caldense C.DC.
Piper callejasii W. Trujillo & M. A. Jaram.^[3]
Piper campii
Piper caninum , SE Asia to Australia, Common pepper, Native pepper in Australia.
Piper candollei
華山蔞 Piper cathayanum M. G. Gilbert & N. H. Xia
Piper cenocladum – "ant piper"
長果胡椒 Piper chaba
勐海胡椒 Piper chaudocanum C. DC.
Piper chimborazoense
Piper chimonanthifolium Kunth
中華胡椒 Piper chinense Miq.
Piper clathratum
Piper claussenianum
Piper coeloneurum
Piper cordulatum
蓽澄茄 Piper cubeba
Piper cutucuense
大苗山胡椒 Piper damiaoshanense Y. C. Tseng
Piper darienense – duermeboca (巴拿馬), kana (Kuna)
Piper decurrens
Piper densiciliatum
Piper diffundum
Piper disparipilum
Piper distigmatum
Piper dodsonii
Piper entradense
Piper eriocladum
Piper eustylum
Piper fallenii
琉球胡椒 Piper ferriei C. DC.
Piper fimbriulatum
黃花胡椒 Piper flaviflorum C. DC.
Piper gaudichaudianum Kunth
Piper glabratum Kunth
Piper grandifolium
Piper gualeanum
Piper guayasanum
西非胡椒 Piper guineense
海南蒟 Piper hainanense Hemsl.
山蒟 Piper hancei Maxim.
哈曼氏胡椒 Piper harmandii C. DC.
Piper hillianum C.DC.
Piper hispidinervum
河池胡椒 Piper hochiense Y. C. Tseng
Piper huigranum
Piper hydrolapathum
Piper hylebates
Piper hylophilum
Piper imperiale
沉果胡椒 Piper infossum Y. Q. Tseng
疏果胡椒 Piper interruptum Opiz
尖峰嶺胡椒 Piper jianfenglingense C.Y. Hao & Y.H. Tan^[4]
風藤 Piper kadsura (Choisy) Ohwi
恆春風藤 Piper kawakamii Hayata
Piper kerrii Suwanph. and Y.Banchong, 2023^[5]
Piper kurzii Ridl.^[5]
綠島胡椒 Piper kwashoense Hayata
大葉蒟 Piper laetispicum C. DC.^[5]
Piper lanatum Roxb.^[5]
Piper laevigatum Kunth, 1815
Piper leptostachyum Wall. ex Miq.^[5]
Piper lhotzkyanum Kunth
Piper lineatipilosum Yunck., 1959
陵水胡椒 Piper lingshuiense Y. C. Tseng
羅洛胡椒 Piper lolot C.DC., 1898
Piper lonchites Roem. & Schult.^[5]
Piper longicaudatum
蓽拔 Piper longum L.，長胡椒
Piper lucigaudens
Piper macrophyllum
粗梗胡椒 Piper macropodum C. DC.
麻根 Piper magen B. Q. Cheng ex C. L. Long & Jun Yang^[6]
Piper magnificum – Lacquered Pepper
Piper malacophyllum (C.Presl) C.DC.
Piper manabinum
Piper marginatum
Piper mekongense
Piper mendezense
Piper mestonii
Piper metallicum Hallier f., 1896
卡瓦胡椒 Piper methysticum Roxb.，為Piper majusculum Blume的異名
Piper mexiae (Trel.) Trel. & Yunck., 1950
柄果胡椒 Piper mischocarpum Y. C. Tseng
Piper molliusculum Sodiro, 1900
墨脫胡椒 Piper motuoense X.W.Qin, F.Su & C.Y.Hao, 2024^[7]
短蒟 Piper mullesua Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don
變葉胡椒 Piper mutabile C. DC.
Piper nanegalense
Piper napo-pastazanum
Piper nebuligaudens
黑胡椒 Piper nigrum L.，胡椒
Piper novae-hollandiae Giant Pepper Vine - 澳大利亞
裸果胡椒 Piper nudibaccatum Y. Q. Tseng
彩脈胡椒 Piper ornatum N.E.Br., 1884
Piper pachyphyllum – Mahalatsaka
角果胡椒 Piper pedicellatum C. DC.
Piper peepuloides Roxb.^[5]
Piper peltatum L., 1753
Piper permucronatum Yunck.
Piper perstrigosum Yunck., 1955
Piper phangngaense Suwanph. and Hodk., 2023^[5]
台東胡椒 Piper philippinum Miq.
屏邊胡椒 Piper pingbienense Y. C. Tseng
Piper platylobum
線梗胡椒 Piper pleiocarpum C. C. Chang ex Y. C. Tseng
樟葉胡椒 Piper polysyphonum C. DC.
肉軸胡椒 Piper ponesheense C. DC.
Piper porphyrophyllum
Piper poscitum
Piper prietoi
Piper productispicum
Piper pseudonigrum
Piper pseudopothifolium C.DC.
毛葉胡椒 Piper puberulilimbum C. DC.
岩椒 Piper pubicatulum C. DC.
Piper puyoense
Piper quinchasense M. A. Jaram.^[8]
Piper regale
假蓽拔 Piper retrofractum Vahl
Piper richardiifolium Kunth
Piper rugocarpum Y.Banchong and Suwanph., 2023^[5]
Piper rostratum Roxb.^[5]
Piper rubronodosum
Piper rubrovenosum
紅果胡椒 Piper rubrum C. DC.
西貢胡椒 Piper saigonense
Piper saloyanum
Piper san-miguelense
假蒟 Piper sarmentosum Roxb.
斜葉蒟 Piper senporeiense Yamam.
Piper schuppii
塞舌爾胡椒 Piper seychellarum
Piper skutchii
Piper smitinandianum Suwanph. & Chantar. ^[5]
Piper sodiroi
短柄胡椒 Piper stipitiforme C. C. Chang ex Y. C. Tseng
Piper stipulosum
Piper subaduncum
多脈胡椒 Piper submultinerve
C. DC.
- 狹葉多脈胡椒 Piper submultinerve var. nandanicum Y. C. Tseng
Piper subnitidifolium
緣毛胡椒 Piper semiimmersum C. DC.
半透明胡椒 Piper semi-transparens C.Y. Hao & Y.H. Tan^[9]
滇西胡椒 Piper suipigua Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don
Piper supernum
銀葉胡椒 Piper sylvaticum Roxb., 長柄胡椒
台灣胡椒 Piper taiwanense T. T. Lin & S. Y. Lu
Piper tectonifolium Kunth
球穗胡椒 Piper thomsonii
(C. DC.) Hook. f.
- 小葉球穗胡椒 Piper thomsonii var. microphyllum Y. C. Tseng
Piper trachyphyllum
Piper translucens Yunck.
Piper triandrum F.Muell.
三色胡椒 Piper tricolor Y. C. Tseng
Piper trioicum
Piper truman-yunckeri
Piper truncatum Vell.
瑞麗胡椒 Piper tsengianum M. G. Gilbert & N. H. Xia
粗穗胡椒 Piper tsangyuanense P. S. Chen & P. C. Zhu
大胡椒 Piper umbellatum L.
Piper unguiculatum
Piper valladolidense
Piper verrucosum
石南藤 Piper wallichii (Miq.) Hand.-Mazz.
Piper warakahoura
Piper wibomii
Piper wightii
盈江胡椒 Piper yinkiangense Y. C. Tseng
蒟子 Piper yunnanense Y. C. Tseng
Piper zarumanum

注釋

^ Jaramillo, M. Alejandra, Phylogeny and Patterns of Floral Diversity in the Genus Piper (Piperaceae), American Journal of Botany, 2001, 88: 706 [2010-01-29], PMID 11302858, doi:10.2307/2657072, （原始內容存檔於2010-06-30）
^ M. Alejandra Jaramillo. 2023. Piper alwynii (Piperaceae), A New Species from the Cordillera del Cóndor at the Border of Peru and Ecuador. Novon, A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature. DOI: 10.3417/2023862
^ William Trujillo, Edwin Trujillo Trujillo and M. Alejandra Jaramillo. 2021. Piper callejasii (Piperaceae), A New Species from the Eastern Slopes of the Andes, Northern South America. Novon. 29: 200–205. DOI: 10.3417/2021659
^ Chao-Yun Hao, Xiao-Wei Qin, Le-He Tan, Li-Song Hu, Gang Wu, Shui-Xing Luo, Hai-Yan Deng and Yun-Hong Tan. 2017. Piper jianfenglingense, A New Species of Piperaceae from Hainan Island, China. Phytotaxa. 331(1); 109–116. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.331.1.9
^ ^5.00 ^5.01 ^5.02 ^5.03 ^5.04 ^5.05 ^5.06 ^5.07 ^5.08 ^5.09 ^5.10 Chalermpol Suwanphakdee, David A. Simpson, Trevor R. Hodkinson and Pranom Chantaranothai. 2020. A Synopsis of Thai Piper (Piperaceae). Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany). 48(2), 145-183. DOI: 10.20531/tfb.2020.48.2.08 引用錯誤：帶有name屬性「Suwanphakdee」的<ref>標籤用不同內容定義了多次
^ 麻根——珍稀民族香料植物新种. NSII. [2023-02-18]. （原始內容存檔於2023-02-18）.
^ Fan Su, Xiao-Wei Qin, Rui Fan, Lin Yan, Xun-Zhi Ji and Chao-Yun Hao. 2024. Piper motuoense, A New Species of Piperaceae from Xizang, China. PhytoKeys. 238: 85-94. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.238.115494
^ M. Alejandra Jaramillo, Dayro Rodríguez-Duque and Magda Escobar-Alba. 2023. A New Species of Piper (Piperaceae) with peltate leaves from Serranía de las Quinchas, Colombia. PhytoKeys. 227: 9-24. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.227.101405
^ Chao-Yun Hao, Bao-Duo Wu, Xiao-Wei Qin, Gang Wu, Hai-Yan Deng and Yun-Hong Tan. 2020. Morphological and Molecular Evidence for A New Species from China: Piper semi-transparens (Piperaceae). Phytotaxa. 429(3); 191–199. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.429.3.1

外部連結

參考文獻

Dyer, L.A. & Palmer, A.N. (2004): Piper: A model genus for studies of evolution, chemical ecology, and trophic interactions. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston. ISBN 0-306-48498-6
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Gorman, Chester F. (1971): The Hoabinhian and After: Subsistence Patterns in Southeast Asia during the Late Pleistocene and Early Recent Periods. World Archaeology 2(3): 300-320. HTML abstract and first page image
International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) (2007): 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. IUCN, Gland.
Lim, S.T.; Dragull, K.; Tang, C.S.; Bittenbender, H.C.; Efird, J.T. & Nerurkar P.V. (2007): Effects of Kava Alkaloid, Pipermethystine, and Kavalactones on Oxidative Stress and Cytochrome P450 in F-344 Rats. Toxicological Science 97(1): 214-221. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfm035 PMID 17329236 PDF fulltext
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Solomon, Charmaine (1998): Cha Plu. In: Encyclopedia of Asian Food. Periplus Editions. HTML fulltext （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
Sorrentin, L.; Capasso, A. & Schmidt, M. (2006): Safety of ethanolic kava extract: Results of a study of chronic toxicity in rats. Phytomedicine 13(8): 542-549. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2006.01.006 PMID 16904878 (HTML abstract)

[jaramillo-1] Jaramillo, M. Alejandra, Phylogeny and Patterns of Floral Diversity in the Genus Piper (Piperaceae), American Journal of Botany, 2001, 88: 706 [2010-01-29], PMID 11302858, doi:10.2307/2657072, （原始內容存檔於2010-06-30）

[2] M. Alejandra Jaramillo. 2023. Piper alwynii (Piperaceae), A New Species from the Cordillera del Cóndor at the Border of Peru and Ecuador. Novon, A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature. DOI: 10.3417/2023862

[3] William Trujillo, Edwin Trujillo Trujillo and M. Alejandra Jaramillo. 2021. Piper callejasii (Piperaceae), A New Species from the Eastern Slopes of the Andes, Northern South America. Novon. 29: 200–205. DOI: 10.3417/2021659

[4] Chao-Yun Hao, Xiao-Wei Qin, Le-He Tan, Li-Song Hu, Gang Wu, Shui-Xing Luo, Hai-Yan Deng and Yun-Hong Tan. 2017. Piper jianfenglingense, A New Species of Piperaceae from Hainan Island, China. Phytotaxa. 331(1); 109–116. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.331.1.9

[Suwanphakdee-5] 5.00 ^5.01 ^5.02 ^5.03 ^5.04 ^5.05 ^5.06 ^5.07 ^5.08 ^5.09 ^5.10 Chalermpol Suwanphakdee, David A. Simpson, Trevor R. Hodkinson and Pranom Chantaranothai. 2020. A Synopsis of Thai Piper (Piperaceae). Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany). 48(2), 145-183. DOI: 10.20531/tfb.2020.48.2.08 引用錯誤：帶有name屬性「Suwanphakdee」的<ref>標籤用不同內容定義了多次

[6] 麻根——珍稀民族香料植物新种. NSII. [2023-02-18]. （原始內容存檔於2023-02-18）.

[7] Fan Su, Xiao-Wei Qin, Rui Fan, Lin Yan, Xun-Zhi Ji and Chao-Yun Hao. 2024. Piper motuoense, A New Species of Piperaceae from Xizang, China. PhytoKeys. 238: 85-94. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.238.115494

[8] M. Alejandra Jaramillo, Dayro Rodríguez-Duque and Magda Escobar-Alba. 2023. A New Species of Piper (Piperaceae) with peltate leaves from Serranía de las Quinchas, Colombia. PhytoKeys. 227: 9-24. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.227.101405

[9] Chao-Yun Hao, Bao-Duo Wu, Xiao-Wei Qin, Gang Wu, Hai-Yan Deng and Yun-Hong Tan. 2020. Morphological and Molecular Evidence for A New Species from China: Piper semi-transparens (Piperaceae). Phytotaxa. 429(3); 191–199. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.429.3.1

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