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英語不規則動詞

維基百科,自由的百科全書

英語中有大約 200 個不規則動詞,如果把前綴派生詞也計算在內的話,則會更多。在大多數情況下,不規則動詞的不規則性體現在過去式過去分詞上。

通常來說,不規則動詞的第三人稱單數和現在分詞屈折變化(分別是加 -[e]s-ing 後綴)是規則的,但也有一些例外:如動詞 be, have, do, go, say 等。有些情態動詞則沒有部分屈折形態。

英語中的不規則動詞包含了日常生活中最常用的動詞。英語中的新詞(如外來詞)往往遵循一般的屈折變化,除非它們的詞根是一個不規則動詞(如 housesit 遵循和 sit 一樣的不規則屈折變化)。

現代英語中的許多不規則動詞由日耳曼語強變化動詞派生而來,這些動詞往往通過元音變換來體現屈折形式,比如現代英語中 sing-sang-sung。相對的,規則動詞在詞尾加 -ed 的屈折變化,則是來源於日耳曼語弱變化動詞在詞尾加齒音-t-d)的習慣。[1]

有關動詞英語中規則動詞變位的信息,可參見英語動詞條目。

列表

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本列表包含 204 個標籤現代英語中常用的不規則動詞。罕用的、僅在方言中使用的,或是參古舊的用法不包含在此列表內。通過給基礎動詞加上前綴形成的大部分動詞(如 unbend, understand, mistake 等)也不包含在內。不收錄非限定動詞(如 clad, sodden 等)。

完整的列表請參見英語不規則動詞列表。每個單詞的發音及釋義,請參見維基詞典

  • a- : for abide, arise, awake, see bide, rise, wake
  • be (am, is, are) – was, werebeen
  • be- : for become, befall, beset, etc. see come, fall, set, etc.
  • bearboreborne [spelt born in passive and adjectival uses relating to birth]
  • beatbeatbeaten
  • begetbegotbegot(ten) [Biblical past tense: begat]
  • beginbeganbegun
  • bendbentbent
  • betbetbet [past tense and participle also sometimes betted]
  • beware – [defective]
  • bidbidbid [as in an auction]
  • bidbade/bidbidden/bid [meaning "request"]
  • bidebided/bodebided/bidden [but abide mostly uses the regular forms only]
  • bindboundbound
  • bitebitbitten
  • bleedbledbled
  • blowblewblown
  • breakbrokebroken
  • breedbredbred
  • bringbroughtbrought
  • buildbuiltbuilt
  • burnburnt/burnedburnt/burned
  • burstburstburst
  • buyboughtbought
  • cancould [defective]
  • castcastcast [prefixed forms broadcast, forecast, etc. sometimes take -ed[2]]
  • catchcaughtcaught
  • choosechosechosen
  • cladclad/claddedclad/cladded [clad is also sometimes used as past form of clothe]
  • cleaveclove/cleftcloven/cleft [but regular when meaning "adhere"]
  • clingclungclung
  • comecamecome
  • costcostcost [but regular when meaning "calculate the cost of"]
  • creepcrept/creepedcrept/creeped
  • crowcrowed/crewcrowed [crew normally used only of a cock's crowing]
  • cutcutcut
  • dare – regular except for possible third person singular present dare
  • dealdealtdealt
  • digdugdug
  • divedived/dovedived [the form dove is chiefly American]
  • do (does /dʌz/) – diddone
  • dragdragged/drugdragged/drug [the form drug is chiefly dialectal]
  • drawdrewdrawn
  • dreamdreamed/dreamtdreamed/dreamt
  • drinkdrankdrunk
  • drivedrovedriven
  • dwelldwelt/dwelleddwelt/dwelled
  • eatateeaten
  • fallfellfallen
  • feedfedfed
  • feelfeltfelt
  • fightfoughtfought
  • findfoundfound
  • fitfit/fittedfit/fitted
  • fleefledfled
  • flingflungflung
  • flyflewflown [the form flied is common in the baseball sense]
  • for(e)- : for forgo, foresee, etc. see go, see, etc.
  • forbidforbade/forbidforbidden
  • forgetforgotforgotten
  • forsakeforsookforsaken
  • freezefrozefrozen
  • getgotgotten/got [past participle got in British English, gotten in American, but see have got]
  • gildgilded/giltgilded/gilt
  • givegavegiven
  • gowentgone [see also have been]
  • grindgroundground
  • growgrewgrown
  • hanghung/hangedhung/hanged [the form hanged is more common in the sense of execution by hanging]
  • have (has) – hadhad
  • hearheardheard
  • hewhewedhewn/hewed
  • hidehidhidden
  • hithithit
  • hoisthoist/hoistedhoist/hoisted
  • holdheldheld
  • hurthurthurt
  • in- : for inlay, input, etc. see lay, put, etc.
  • inter- : for interlay, interweave, etc. see lay, weave, etc.
  • keepkeptkept
  • kneelknelt/kneeledknelt/kneeled
  • knitknit/knittedknit/knitted
  • knowknewknown
  • laylaidlaid
  • leadledled
  • leanleaned/leantleaned/leant
  • leapleaped/leaptleaped/leapt
  • learnlearned/learntlearned/learnt
  • leaveleftleft
  • lendlentlent
  • letletlet
  • lielaylain [but regular when meaning "tell an untruth"]
  • lightlit/lightedlit/lighted
  • loselostlost
  • makemademade
  • maymight [defective]
  • meanmeantmeant
  • meetmetmet
  • mis- : for misspeak, mistake, etc. see speak, take, etc.
  • mowmowedmowed/mown
  • must – [defective]
  • need – regular except for possible third person singular present need
  • off- : for offset see set, etc.
  • ought – [defective]
  • out- : for outbid, output, etc. see bid, put, etc.
  • over- : for overbid, overdo, etc. see bid, do, etc.
  • paypaidpaid [but sometimes spelt regularly when meaning "let out" (rope etc.)]
  • pleadpleaded/pledpleaded/pled
  • pre- : for prepay, preset, etc. see pay, set, etc.
  • proveprovedproved/proven
  • putputput
  • quitquitquit
  • re- : for redo, remake, etc. see do, make, etc.
  • read /riːd/read /rɛd/read /rɛd/
  • rendrentrent
  • ridrid/riddedrid/ridded/ridden
  • rideroderidden
  • ringrangrung
  • riseroserisen
  • runranrun
  • sawsawedsawn/sawed
  • say (says /sɛz/) – saidsaid
  • seesawseen
  • seeksoughtsought
  • sellsoldsold
  • sendsentsent
  • setsetset
  • sewsewedsewn/sewed
  • shakeshookshaken
  • shallshould [defective]
  • shearsheared/shoreshorn/sheared
  • shedshedshed
  • shineshone/shinedshone/shined
  • shitshat/shit/shittedshat/shit/shitted
  • shoeshoed/shodshoed/shod
  • shootshotshot
  • showshowedshown/showed
  • shrinkshrank/shrunkshrunk
  • shriveshroveshriven
  • shutshutshut
  • singsangsung
  • sinksanksunk
  • sitsatsat
  • slayslew/slayedslain/slayed
  • sleepsleptslept
  • slideslidslid
  • slingslungslung
  • slinkslunkslunk
  • slitslitslit
  • smellsmelled/smeltsmelled/smelt
  • smitesmotesmitten
  • sneaksneaked/snucksneaked/snuck [snuck is chiefly American, is regarded as informal and is only cited from 1887[3]]
  • sowsowedsown/sowed
  • speakspokespoken
  • speedsped/speededsped/speeded
  • spellspelled/speltspelled/spelt
  • spendspentspent
  • spillspilled/spiltspilled/spilt
  • spinspunspun
  • spitspat/spitspat/spit [the form spit rather than spat is common in America]
  • splitsplitsplit
  • spoilspoiled/spoiltspoiled/spoilt
  • spreadspreadspread
  • springsprang/sprungsprung
  • standstoodstood
  • stavestaved/stovestaved/stove
  • stealstolestolen
  • stickstuckstuck
  • stingstungstung
  • stinkstankstunk
  • strewstrewedstrewn/strewed
  • stridestrodestridden/strode
  • strikestruckstruck/stricken
  • stringstrungstrung
  • strivestrove/strivedstriven/strived
  • swearsworesworn
  • sweatsweated/sweatsweated/sweat
  • sweepsweptswept
  • swellswelledswollen/swelled
  • swimswamswum
  • swingswungswung
  • taketooktaken
  • teachtaughttaught
  • teartoretorn
  • telltoldtold
  • thinkthoughtthought
  • throwthrewthrown
  • thrustthrust/thrustedthrust/thrusted
  • treadtrodtrodden/trod
  • un- : for unbend, unweave, etc. see bend, weave, etc.
  • under- : for underlie, undergo, understand, etc. see lie, go, stand, etc.
  • up- : for upset see set, etc.
  • wakewokewoken
  • wearworeworn
  • weavewovewoven
  • wedwed/weddedwed/wedded
  • weepweptwept
  • wetwet/wettedwet/wetted
  • willwould [defective]
  • winwonwon
  • windwoundwound [but regular in the meanings connected with air and breath]
  • with- : for withdraw, withhold, withstand, see draw, hold, stand
  • wringwrang/wrungwrung
  • writewrotewritten

引用來源

[編輯]
  1. ^ Algeo, John; Pyles, Thomas. The Origins and Development of the English Language. Cengage Learning. 2009: 171 [7 February 2013]. ISBN 9781428231450. 
  2. ^ For example, forecasted is acceptable as the past participle and past simple of the verb forecast, especially in some technical meanings. See www.usingenglish.com頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  3. ^ Oxford English Dictionary

外部連結

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