跳至內容

Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior

座標：36°50′33″S 174°46′18″E / 36.842405°S 174.771579°E / -36.842405; 174.771579
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彩虹勇士號擊沉事件
彩虹勇士號示意圖
日期1985年7月10日，​39年前​（1985-07-10）
地點
紐西蘭的奧克蘭

36°50′33″S 174°46′18″E / 36.842405°S 174.771579°E / -36.842405; 174.771579
起因報復綠色和平組織抗議法國核試驗
目標擊沉彩虹勇士號
方法爆裂物
結果彩虹勇士號沉沒、1人死亡
衝突方
領導人物
傷亡
無
1人死亡
無

彩虹勇士號擊沉事件 (sinking of Rainbow Warrior )，代號撒旦行動 (Opération Satanique)[1]，是法國對外情報機構「對外安全總局（DGSE）」的 「行動」部門在1985年7月10日執行的國家恐怖主義爆破行動。在這次行動中，兩名特工在奧克蘭港炸沉了綠色和平組織的船隊的旗艦「彩虹勇士號」，該船正前往抗議法國計劃在穆魯羅亞環礁進行的核試驗。隨船攝影師費爾南多·佩雷拉 (Fernando Pereira) 在本事件中溺斃。

法國起初撇清關係，但兩名法國特工隨後遭到紐西蘭警方逮捕，並被指控縱火、預謀縱火、蓄意破壞和謀殺。這則醜聞導致法國國防部長夏爾·埃爾尼 (Charles Hernu) 引咎辭職，而兩名特工則坦承犯下過失殺人罪，並被判處十年監禁，在法屬玻里尼西亞的豪環礁服刑了兩年多，隨後才被法國政府釋放[2]。

包括當時的紐西蘭總理戴維·朗伊在內的一些人士將本次事件稱作恐怖主義[3]或國家支持的恐怖主義 (state-sponsored terrorism)[4][5][6]，後來的學者將這次襲擊稱作為國家恐怖主義[7][8][9]。

背景

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1966年起，法國在法屬玻里尼西亞的土亞莫土群島的穆魯羅阿環礁開始進行核武器試驗。隨後，1985年，澳洲、庫克群島、斐濟、基里巴斯、諾魯、紐西蘭、紐埃、巴布亞新幾內亞、薩摩亞、索羅門群島、東加、吐瓦魯和萬那杜等南太平洋國家簽署了《南太平洋無核區條約》，宣佈該地區為無核區[10]。

1977年，彩虹勇士號被綠色和平組織收購，在1970年代末和1980年代初積極支持反捕鯨、反捕海豹、反核試驗和反核廢料傾倒的運動。自1985年以來，彩虹勇士號大多在南太平洋地區活動並反對該地區的核試驗。由於美國過去在該地區的核試驗，導致朗格拉普環礁遭到輻射塵汙染，彩虹勇士號協助了300位島民搬離朗格拉普環礁，此後便航向紐西蘭，帶領一支帆船艦隊前往抗議法國在穆魯羅阿環礁進行的核試驗[11]。

在過去的穆魯羅阿環礁核試驗中，由於駛入禁航區，綠色和平組織的艦隊就曾遭到法國突擊隊登艦。在1985年的核試驗中，綠色和平組織在島上派駐抗議者，並打算監測核試驗造成的影響。

在彩虹勇士號開放參觀時，數名法國特工假扮為支持者和遊客進入了船內。曾在中東執行過情報任務的法國特工克里斯汀·卡邦 (Christine Cabon) 化名為環保主義者「佛德里克·波呂 (Frederique Bonlieu)」，以便滲透綠色和平組織在奧克蘭的辦事處[12][13]，在奧克蘭辦事處工作的期間，卡邦偷偷地記錄了來自彩虹勇士號的通訊紀錄、收集地圖、並調查了潛水裝備。

沈船始末

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三名特工駕駛名為歐薇拉號 (Ouvéa) 的遊艇載來蝛雷 (limpet mines) ，這種炸彈能吸附在物體表面，通常被海軍所使用，另外兩名特工，多米尼克·普里爾 (Dominique Prieur) 和亞蘭·馬法特 (Alain Mafart)，假扮成新婚夫婦「蘇菲和亞蘭·圖倫格 (Sophie and Alain Turenge)」，並且撿起蝛雷，再將其交給由潛水員讓·卡馬 (Jean Camas)（化名「雅克-卡穆里耶 (Jacques Camurier)」）和讓·盧克·基斯特 (Jean-Luc Kister)（化名「亞蘭-托內爾（Alain Tonel）」）所組成的爆破小隊。

在蒐集到足夠的資訊後，特工卡馬和基斯特前往停泊在馬斯登碼頭 (Marsden Wharf) 的彩虹勇士號，安裝了兩枚蝛雷，兩枚蝛雷的引爆間隔為7分鐘[14]。23:38分，第一枚蝛雷爆炸，炸出一個和汽車差不多大小的洞。特工可能是想先用第一枚蝛雷癱瘓彩虹勇士號，如此一來，船上的人員便可以在第二枚蝛雷引爆前全數撤離[來源請求]。然而，船員對於第一次爆炸的反應和特工預期的有所出入。

起初，雖然船上的人員全數疏散，但後來有部分船員回到船上調查和紀錄受損的情況。其中，葡萄牙裔荷蘭攝影師費爾南多·佩雷拉（Fernando Pereira）回到甲板下去拿他的攝影器材。23:45時，第二枚蝛雷引爆，大量的水快速湧入船中，導致佩雷拉溺斃，當時在船上的還有其他10位船員，其中有些在船長彼得·威爾考克斯 (Peter Willcox) 的命令下安全地棄船離去，另一些人則因為第二次爆炸的衝擊而墜入海中。四分鐘後，彩虹勇士號部分沉沒。

法國政府東窗事發

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彩虹勇士號。1981年。

撒旦行動是場公關危機，作為紐西蘭的盟友，法國起初否認參與該事件，並一同譴責這場恐怖行動。法國駐威靈頓大使館否認參與，並表示「法國政府不會以這種方式對待反對者[15]」。

爆炸案發生後，紐西蘭警方展開了場大規模調查。兩名法國特工，多米尼克·普里爾上尉和亞蘭·馬法特指揮官，被列為嫌疑犯，隨後，在當地守望相助會的協助之下，兩人被指認並遭到逮捕。由於持有瑞士護照，兩人的真實身分曝光，法國為幕後黑手的真相也隨著水落石出[16]。

其他法國特工則成功撤離紐西蘭，其中，克里斯汀·卡邦負責的是前置作業，因此在炸彈引爆前就已經出境前往以色列。然而，在被指認為本事件的參與者後，奧克蘭警方要求以色列政府拘留卡邦。不過，在以色列政府有機會逮捕卡邦之前，卡邦就接獲線報並逃離了以色列[17]。

另外三名法國特工， Roland Verge 士官長（化名"Raymond Velche"）、Jean-Michel Bartelo 士官長（化名"Jean-Michel Berthelo"）和 Gérard Andries 士官長（化名"Eric Audrenc"）負責駕駛歐薇拉號將炸彈運往紐西蘭。他們在爆炸之後乘坐歐薇拉號撤離現場，接著在諾福克島被澳洲警方逮捕，然而，由於澳洲法律不允許在鑑識測試結果出來之前關押嫌疑人，因此他們隨後被釋放。之後，法國潛艇紅寶石號（Rubis）前來接他們回國，而歐薇拉號遊艇則被鑿沉[18]。

數名特工偽裝成了遊客，其中包含引爆炸彈的讓·盧克·基斯特，他們搭上渡輪前往南島，去了赫特山滑雪，並在大約10天後用假證件離開了紐西蘭[19]。另一名可能是指揮官的特工路易·皮爾·迪萊斯（Louis-Pierre Dillais）則未被逮捕[18]。

彩虹勇士號。1985年。攝於奧克蘭港。

發現這次事件的始作俑者是友邦後，紐西蘭政府不再稱其為「恐怖攻擊」，而將其稱作「在紐西蘭領土犯下的違反關於國家責任的國際法的非法襲擊」。紐西蘭政府在與聯合國的通訊中，使用「違法國際法」一詞，以預防法國試圖正當化其非法行為[18]。

多米尼克·普里爾和亞蘭·馬法特坦承犯下過失殺人罪，於1985年11月22日被判處10年監禁。法國威脅紐西蘭，若不釋放兩人，將對其進行經濟封鎖，阻止紐西蘭向歐洲經濟共同體出口貨物[20]，紐西蘭重度仰賴向英國出口農作物，此舉將嚴重影響其經濟[21]。

法國自行成立了調查委員會，由貝爾納·特裡科（Bernard Tricot）領導，其隨後宣布法國政府與本次恐怖行動無關，並聲稱被逮捕但當時尚未認罪的特工只是在監視綠色和平組織。《泰晤士報》和《世界報》反駁了以上說法，並宣稱本次事件由法國總統密特朗批准，隨後，國防部長夏爾·埃爾努（Charles Hernu）請辭、安全總局局長皮爾·拉科斯特（Pierre Lacoste）遭到解僱。最後，法國總理洛朗·法比尤斯承認了本次事件是由法國策畫，1985年9月22日，法比尤斯於辦公室召開記者會，並宣讀了一份200字的聲明，「真相是殘酷的」，並承認有人試圖湮滅證據，「法國特工奉命行事擊沉了彩虹勇士號。」[22]

Aftermath

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Nuclear testing 核試驗

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The next nuclear test Héro was conducted at Mururoa on 24 October 1985 with a yield of 2千公噸黃色炸藥（8.4兆焦耳）. France would conduct 54 more nuclear tests until the end of nuclear testing in 1996.[23]

Greenpeace and Rainbow Warrior

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A Greenpeace Rainbow Warrior benefit concert at Mt. Smart Stadium, Auckland, on 5 April 1986 included performances by Herbs, Neil Young, Jackson Browne, Graham Nash, Topp Twins, Dave Dobbyn and a Split Enz reunion.[24][25]

Rainbow Warrior was refloated for forensic examination. She was deemed irreparable and scuttled in Matauri Bay, near the Cavalli Islands on 12 December 1987, to serve as a dive wreck and fish sanctuary.[26] Her masts had been removed and put on display at the Dargaville Maritime Museum. Greenpeace acquired a new ship and gave it the name Rainbow Warrior earlier that same year. On 14 October 2011, Greenpeace launched a new sailing vessel, again called Rainbow Warrior, which is equipped with an auxiliary electric motor.[27] The ships are informally known as Rainbow Warrior II and Rainbow Warrior III respectively.

Reparations

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Rainbow Warrior Memorial
彩虹勇士號紀念碑，俯視角。

In 1987, after international pressure, France paid $8.16m to Greenpeace in damages, which helped finance another ship.[28][29] It also paid compensation to the Pereira family, reimbursing his life insurance company for 30,000 Dutch guilders and making reparation payments of 650,000 francs to Pereira's wife, 1.5 million francs to his two children, and 75,000 francs to each of his parents.[30]

Foreign relations

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The failure of Western leaders to condemn a violation of a friendly nation's sovereignty caused a great deal of change in New Zealand's foreign and defence policy.[31] New Zealand distanced itself from the United States, a traditional ally, and built relationships with small South Pacific nations, while retaining excellent relations with Australia and, to a lesser extent, the United Kingdom.[32]

Hao atoll

In June 1986, in a political deal with Prime Minister of New Zealand David Lange, presided over by United Nations Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, France agreed to pay NZ$13 million (US$6.5 million) to New Zealand and apologise, in return for which Alain Mafart and Dominique Prieur would be detained at the French military base on Hao Atoll for three years. However, the two agents had both returned to France by May 1988, after less than two years on the atoll. Mafart returned to Paris on 14 December 1987 for medical treatment, and was apparently freed after the treatment. He continued in the French Army and was promoted to colonel in 1993. Prieur returned to France on 6 May 1988 because she was pregnant, her husband having been allowed to join her on the atoll. She, too, was freed and later promoted. The removal of the agents from Hao without subsequent return was ruled to be in violation of the 1986 agreement.[2]

Following the breach of the arrangement, in 1990 the secretary-general awarded New Zealand another NZ$3.5 million (US$2 million), to establish the New Zealand / France Friendship Fund.[29] Although France had formally apologised to the New Zealand Government in 1986,[33] during a visit in April 1991 French Prime Minister Michel Rocard delivered a personal apology.[34][35] He said it was "to turn the page in the relationship and to say, if we had known each other better, this thing never would have happened". The Friendship Fund has provided contributions to a number of charity and public purposes.[36] During a visit in 2016, French Prime Minister Manuel Valls reiterated that the incident had been "a serious error".[37]

Further investigations

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In 2005, French newspaper Le Monde released a report from 1986 which said that Admiral Pierre Lacoste, head of DGSE at the time, had "personally obtained approval to sink the ship from the late president François Mitterrand."[38] Soon after the publication, former Admiral Lacoste came forward and gave newspaper interviews about the situation, admitting that the death weighed on his conscience and saying that the aim of the operation had not been to kill.[39] He acknowledged the existence of three teams: the yacht crew, reconnaissance and logistics (those successfully prosecuted), plus a two-man team that carried out the bombing.[14][40]

A 20th anniversary memorial edition of the 1986 book Eyes of Fire: The Last Voyage of the Rainbow Warrior by New Zealand author David Robie – who was aboard the bombed ship – was published in July 2005.[41]

The French agents

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Twenty years after the bombing, Television New Zealand (TVNZ) sought access to a video record made at the preliminary hearing in which the two French agents pleaded guilty. The footage had remained sealed since shortly after the conclusion of the criminal proceedings. The two agents opposed release of the footage—despite having both written books on the incident—and unsuccessfully took the case to the New Zealand Court of Appeal and, subsequently, the Supreme Court of New Zealand. On 7 August 2006, justices Hammond, O'Regan and Arnold dismissed the former French agents' appeal and TVNZ broadcast their guilty pleas the same day.[42]

In 2005, in an interview with TVNZ, Louis-Pierre Dillais acknowledged his involvement with the bombing.[43]

In 2007, the New Zealand Green Party criticized the government over its purchase of arms from Belgian arms manufacturer FN Herstal, whose U.S. subsidiary was led by Dillais.[43][44] At that time, Greenpeace was still pursuing the extradition of Dillais for his involvement in the act.[45]

In 2006, Antoine Royal revealed that his brother, Gérard Royal, had claimed to be involved in planting the bomb. Their sister is French Socialist Party politician Ségolène Royal who was contesting the French presidential election.[46][47] Other sources identified Royal as the pilot of the Zodiac inflatable boat that carried the bombers.[48] The New Zealand government announced there would be no extradition request since the case was closed.[49]

In September 2015, TVNZ's Sunday programme tracked down Jean-Luc Kister, one of the two bombers. Kister, who retired from the DGSE in about 2000, admitted his lead role and feelings of responsibility for the lethal attack. He also pointed to the French President, as commander of the armed forces and intelligence services assigned the operation. Reporter John Hudson, who spent two days with Kister in France, said that Kister "wanted an opportunity to talk about his role in the bombing... It has been on his conscience for 30 years. He said to us, 'secret agents don't talk', but he is talking. I think he wanted to be understood." Kister considered the mission "a big, big failure".[19][50][51]

彩虹勇士號紀念碑

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位於瑪陶里灣（Matauri Bay）的彩虹勇士號紀念碑。

該紀念碑建立於1988年至1990年之間，由紐西蘭雕刻家克里斯·布斯建造（Chris Booth），地點位於紐西蘭北島的瑪陶里灣（Matauri Bay），由恩加蒂庫拉族人（Ngati Kura）與紐西蘭中國陶器公司（New Zealand China Clays）委託製作[52]。

大眾文化

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The sinking, and subsequent investigation, was the subject of several films, including The Rainbow Warrior Conspiracy (1988) and The Rainbow Warrior (1993).

Rainbow Warriors, a space marine chapter in the tabletop war-game Warhammer 40,000 (1987–1993) is named after the ship.

The 1989 song "Little Fighter", by the Danish/American band White Lion, is about the sinking. It is also referenced in the 2004 song "Walkampf" by German punk band Die Toten Hosen. In 2005, a supergroup of New Zealand musicians and artists recorded a cover of Anchor Me, by the New Zealand rock band The Mutton Birds, to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the bombing. The song peaked at #3 in the New Zealand singles chart.

延伸閱讀

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參考資料

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  1. ^ Bremner, Charles. Mitterrand ordered bombing of Rainbow Warrior, spy chief says. The Times (London). 11 July 2005 [16 November 2006]. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Case concerning the difference between New Zealand and France concerning the interpretation or application of two agreements, concluded on 9 July 1986 between the two states and which related to the problems arising from the Rainbow Warrior Affair (PDF). Reports of International Arbitral Awards. 30 April 1990, XX: 215–284, especially p 275. 
  3. ^ Brown, Paul; Evans, Rob. How Rainbow Warrior was played down. The Guardian. 23 August 2005 [3 September 2017]. 
  4. ^ Page, Campbell; Templeton, Ian. French inquiry into Rainbow Warrior bombing. The Guardian. 24 September 1985 [3 September 2017]. 
  5. ^ Reality behind the Rainbow Warrior outrage. The New Zealand Herald. 2 July 2005 [2 September 2017] （New Zealand English）. 
  6. ^ Conte, Alex. Human Rights in the Prevention and Punishment of Terrorism: Commonwealth Approaches: The United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Springer Science & Business Media. 2010: 86. ISBN 9783642116087 （英語）. 
  7. ^ Robie, David. Frontline: The Rainbow Warrior, secrecy and state terrorism: A Pacific journalism case study. Pacific Journalism Review. 2016-07-31, 22 (1): 187. ISSN 2324-2035. doi:10.24135/pjr.v22i1.19 可免費查閱. 
  8. ^ Clark, Roger S. State Terrorism: Some Lessons from the Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior需要付費訂閱. Rutgers Law Journal (HeinOnline). 1988, 20 (2): 393–414 [28 December 2022]. 
  9. ^ Veitch, James. 'A Sordid Act': The 'Rainbow Warrior' Incident需要付費訂閱. New Zealand International Review. 1 July 2010, 35 (4): 6–9 [28 December 2022] –透過InformIT. 
  10. ^ Truver, Scott C. Maritime Terrorism, 1985. Proceedings (United States Naval Institute). 1986, 112 (5): 160–173. 
  11. ^ The evacuation of Rongelap (from the Greenpeace website. Accessed 12 July 2010.)
  12. ^ Dennett, Cecile Meier and Kelly. Rainbow Warrior spy tracked down in France 32 years after bombing. The Sydney Morning Herald. 9 July 2017. 
  13. ^ The French Government and Greenpeace Agents back in court on Friday The Canberra Times, 20 November 1985, at Trove
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 At the end of the Rainbow. New Zealand Herald. 8 July 2015 [27 July 2016]. 
  15. ^ Diary compiled by Mike Andrews (Secretary of the Dargaville Maritime Museum)
  16. ^ King, Michael. Death of the Rainbow Warrior. Auckland, N.Z.: Penguin. 1986: 171. ISBN 0-14-009738-4. OCLC 14638318. 
  17. ^ Rainbow Warrior spy Christine Cabon breaks 32-year silence. 8 July 2017 –透過www.nzherald.co.nz. 
  18. ^ 18.0 18.1 18.2 The Bombing of the Warrior. Rainbow Warrior home page. Greenpeace. [4 November 2014]. 原始內容存檔於10 March 2012. 
  19. ^ 19.0 19.1 Taylor, Phil. Rainbow Warrior bomber finally unmasked. NZ Herald. 6 September 2015 [6 September 2015]. 
  20. ^ Shabecoff, Philip. France Must Pay Greenpeace $8 Million in Sinking of Ship. New York Times. 3 October 1987 [11 April 2010]. 
  21. ^ Szabo, Michael. Making waves. Greenpeace New Zealand. Auckland [N.Z.]: Reed. 1991. ISBN 0-7900-0230-2. OCLC 27687705. 
  22. ^ Evening Mail – Monday 23 September 1985
  23. ^ Capcom Espace. Les essais nucleaire Francaispublisher=Capcom Espace. 2005 [6 February 2022]. 
  24. ^ Rainbow Warrior music festival. NZHistory. History Group of the New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage. [17 April 2014]. 
  25. ^ Rainbow Warrior concert 1986. Frenz Forum. 14 July 2006 [17 April 2014]. 
  26. ^ Wreck to reef-the transfiguration of the Rainbow Warrior. New Zealand Geographic. Jul–Sep 1994, (23) [30 October 2012]. 
  27. ^ Rainbow Warrior 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期19 November 2011. Greenpeace International, October 2011. Accessed 10 February 2015
  28. ^ Willsher, Kim. French Spy who sank Greenpeace ship apologises for lethal bombing. The Guardian. 6 September 2015 [7 May 2016]. 
  29. ^ 29.0 29.1 Boczek, Boleslaw Adam. International Law: A Dictionary. Maryland: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. 2005: 97 [7 May 2016]. ISBN 0-8108-5078-8. 
  30. ^ REPORTS OF INTERNATIONAL ARBITRAL AWARDS : Case concerning the differences between New Zealand and France arising from the Rainbow Warrior affair (PDF). United Nations. 6 July 1986: 199–221 [7 May 2016]. 
  31. ^ Keith Sinclair, A History of New Zealand Penguin Books, New Zealand, 1991
  32. ^ Nuclear Free: The New Zealand Way, The Right Honourable David Lange, Penguin Books, New Zealand, 1990
  33. ^ French send PM letters of apology. Auckland Star (Auckland). 23 July 1986. 
  34. ^ Armstrong, John. Reality behind the Rainbow Warrior outrage. New Zealand Herald. 2 July 2005 [7 May 2016]. 
  35. ^ Bar-Siman-Tov, Yaacov. From Conflict Resolution to Reconciliation. Oxford University Press. 2004: 190 [7 May 2016]. ISBN 0-19-516643-4. 
  36. ^ Kokako Chick thrives thanks to Rainbow Warrior bombers. New Zealand Herald (NZME Publishing Limited). 8 July 2008 [8 May 2016]. 
  37. ^ Young, Audrey. France reaches out for Kiwi friendship. New Zealand Herald. 2 May 2016 [7 May 2016]. 
  38. ^ Mitterrand ordered bombing of Rainbow Warrior, spy chief says. The Times. 11 July 2005 [11 March 2013]. （原始內容存檔於6 July 2008）.  無效|url-status=bot: unknown (幫助)
  39. ^ Simons, Marlise. Report Says Mitterrand Approved Sinking of Greenpeace Ship. The Guardian. 10 July 2005 [1 November 2013]. 
  40. ^ Field, Catherine. 'Third team' in Rainbow Warrior plot. New Zealand Herald. 30 June 2005 [6 June 2010]. 
  41. ^ Eyes of Fire: The Last Voyage of the Rainbow Warrior. Auckland University Press. 15 July 2005 [6 June 2010]. ISBN 9781877314469. 
  42. ^ Transcript Mafart Prieur v TVNZ (PDF). Courts of New Zealand. 22 November 2005 [27 June 2018]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於27 June 2018）. 
  43. ^ 43.0 43.1 Goldenberg, Suzanne (25 May 2007) "Rainbow Warrior ringleader heads firm selling arms to US government". guardian.co.uk, Retrieved 26 May 2007
  44. ^ NZ trades with Arms Company whose US chief executive was a lead agent in the Rainbow Warrior bombing 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期29 September 2007. NZ Green Party Just Peace newsletter No 110, 18 May 2007. Retrieved 21 February 2015
  45. ^ Greenpeace gunning for the leader of Warrior bombers Stuff.co.nz, Retrieved 26 May 2007 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期27 September 2007.
  46. ^ NZH Staff. Presidential hopeful's brother linked to Rainbow Warrior bomb. nzherald.co.nz. 30 September 2006 [1 October 2006]. 
  47. ^ NZ rules out new Rainbow Warrior probe. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 1 October 2006 [1 October 2006]. 
  48. ^ Guerres secrètes à l'Élysée, by Paul Barril, ed Albin Michel, Paris (1996)
  49. ^ Kay, Martin. French frogman slips the net; Paper identifies bomber, but PM says the case will remain closed. The Dominion Post. 2 October 2006: A1. 
  50. ^ New Zealand Greenpeace Rainbow Warrior bomber apologises – BBC News. BBC News. 6 September 2015 [7 September 2015]. 
  51. ^ Neuman, Susan. French Agent Apologizes For Blowing Up Greenpeace Ship In 1985. NPR. 6 September 2015 [8 September 2015]. 
  52. ^ Rainbow Warrior memorial. nzhistory.govt.nz. [2022-10-27] （英語）. 

延伸閱讀

[編輯]
  • Michael King, Death of the Rainbow Warrior (Penguin Books, 1986). ISBN 0-14-009738-4
  • David Robie, Eyes of Fire: The Last Voyage of the Rainbow Warrior (Philadelphia: New Society Press, 1987). ISBN 0-86571-114-3
  • The Sunday Times Insight Team, Rainbow Warrior: The French Attempt to Sink Greenpeace (London: Century Hutchinson Ltd, 1986). ISBN 0-09-164360-0
  • Wright, Gerry. Rainbow Warrior Salvage 1st. Auckland: Gerry Wright. 2012. ISBN 9780473227500. 

外部連結

[編輯]

Films (all are productions for television):

取自「https://wiki.zwnes.eu.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:彩虹勇士號擊沉事件&oldid=81844915」