原始印歐語數詞

原始印歐語數詞已經被現代語言學家基於跨越所有印歐語系語言所找到的相似性而重構了。本文列出並討論它們的假定形式。

基數

基數重構如下:

數	重構(Sihler)^[1]	重構(Beekes)^[2]
1	Hoi-no-/Hoi-wo-/Hoi-k(ʷ)o-; sem-	*Hoi(H)nos
2	*d(u)wo-	*duoh₁
3	trei- (完全等級) / tri- (零等級)	*treies
4	kʷetwor- (o-等級) / kʷetur- (零等級) (參見kʷetwóres規則)	*kʷetuōr
5	*penkʷe	*penkʷe
6	s(w)eḱs; 最初可能是 weḱs	*(s)uéks
7	*septm̥	*séptm
8	oḱtō, oḱtou 或 h₃eḱtō, h₃eḱtou	*h₃eḱteh₃
9	*(h₁)newn̥	*(h₁)néun
10	*deḱm̥(t)	*déḱmt
20	wīḱm̥t-; 最初可能是 widḱomt-	*duidḱmti
30	trīḱomt-; 最初可能是 tridḱomt-	*trih₂dḱomth₂
40	kʷetwr̥̄ḱomt-; 最初可能是 kʷetwr̥dḱomt-	*kʷeturdḱomth₂
50	penkʷēḱomt-; 最初可能是 penkʷedḱomt-	*penkʷedḱomth₂
60	s(w)eḱsḱomt-; 最初可能是 weḱsdḱomt-	*ueksdḱomth₂
70	septm̥̄ḱomt-; 最初可能是 septm̥dḱomt-	*septmdḱomth₂
80	oḱtō(u)ḱomt-; 最初可能是 h₃eḱto(u)dḱomt-	*h₃eḱth₃dḱomth₂
90	(h₁)newn̥̄ḱomt-; 最初可能是 h₁newn̥dḱomt-	*h₁neundḱomth₂
100	ḱm̥tom; 最初可能是 dḱm̥tom	*dḱmtóm
1000	ǵʰeslo-; tusdḱomti (最初是「巨大的數」)	*ǵʰes-l-

其他重構典型的同 Beekes 和 Sihler 有輕微的差異(例如 Fortson^[3])。

元素 *-dḱomt- (在數20到90中)和 *dḱm̥t- (在100中)是在假定這些數為 *deḱm̥(t)「10」的派生詞的假定上重構的。

Lehmann^[4] 相信大於10的數都是在方言群組中獨立構造的而 *ḱm̥tóm 最初意味着「一個大數」而非特指100。

數的性

數3和4有帶有後綴 *-s(o)r- 的陰性形式，分別重構為 *t(r)i-sr- 和 *kʷetwr̥-sr-。^[3]

數作為前綴

特殊形式的數被用作前綴，通常用來形成 bahuvrihi 復合(比如英語中的「five-fingered」):

數	前綴(Fortson)^[5]
1- (together, same)	*sm̥-
2-	*dwi-
3-	*tri-
4-	kʷ(e)tru- 或 kʷetwr̥-

序數

序數是難於構造的，由於它們在後代語言中是各種各樣的。下列重構是試探性的:^[6]

「第1」在用 *pr̥h₃-(有關於某種副詞含義「forth, forward, front」和小品詞 *prō「forth」，因此最初意味着「foremost」或類似含義)加上各種後綴如 *-wo-, *-mo- 來形成。
「第2」在後代語言使用了范圍廣泛的各種表達，經常無關於數2的詞，所以不能重構出 PIE 形式。
「第3」到「第6」被通過向基數加上後綴 *-t(ó)- 來形成: *tr̥-t(ó)- / *tri-t(ó)-「第三」等。
「第7」到「第10」被通過向基數增加 thematic 元音 *-ó- 來形成: *oḱtow-ó-「第八」等。

結尾於音節主音鼻音的基數(7，9，10)在 thematic 元音前插入第二個鼻音，導致了後綴 *-mó- 和 *-nó-。這些後綴和後綴 *-t(ó)- 擴散到了臨近的序數，例如吠陀梵語 aṣṭamá-「第八」和立陶宛語 deviñtas「第九」。

反映

基數的反映

數	重構(Sihler)	反映
1	*Hoi-no-	Alb. një/nji, Lith. vien-as, vienet-as, Latv. viens, Gaul. oinos, Gm. ein/eins, Eng. ān/one, Gk. oios, Av. aēuua, Ir. óin/aon, Kashmiri akh, Lat. ūnus, Kamviri ev, Osc. uinus, OCS edinŭ, ON einn, OPruss. aīns, Osset. iu/ieu, Pers. aiva/yek, Pol. jeden, Roman. unu, Russ. odin, Skr. eka, Umbr. uns, Goth. ains, Welsh un
1	*sem-	Arm. mi/mek/meg, Alb. gjithë, Lith. sa, sav-as, Eng. sum/some, Gm. saman/zusammen, Gk. heis, Hitt. san, Av. hakeret, Ir. samail/samhail, Lat. semel, Lyc. sñta, Kamviri sâ~, Pers. hama/hamin, Russ. sam, Skr. sakṛt, Toch. sas/ṣe, Welsh hafal, ON sami, Goth. sama
2	*du(w)o-	Luv. tuwi-, Ved. dvā(u), Av. duua, Gk. dúō, Lat. duō, Goth. twai, Welsh dau, Arm. erkow, TochA. wu, Lith. dù, OCS dŭva,^[3] Hitt. dā-, Lyc. tuwa, Pers. duva/do, Osset. dyuuæ/duuæ, Kashmiri zū', Kamviri dü, Osc. dus, Umbr. tuf, ON tveir, Eng. twā/two, Gm. zwêne/zwei, Gaul. vo, Ir. dá/dó, TochB. wi, OPruss. dwāi, Latv. divi, Pol. dwa, Russ. dva, Alb. dy/dy
3	*trei-	Hitt. teriyaš (gen. pl.), Ved. tráyas, Av. θrāiiō, Gk. treĩs, Lat. trēs, Goth. þreis, Welsh tri, Arm. erek῾, TochA. tre, Lith. trỹs, OCS trije,^[3] Lyc. trei, Pers. çi/se, Osset. ærtæ/ærtæ, Kashmiri tre, Kamviri tre, Osc. trís, Umbr. trif, ON þrír, Eng. þrēo/three, Gm. drī/drei, Gaul. treis, Ir. treí/trí, TochB. trai, OPruss. tri, Latv. trīs, Pol. trzy, Russ. tri, Alb. tre/tre, Illyrian tri-, Phrygian thri-
4	*kʷetwor-	Ved. catvāras, Av. caθuuārō, Gk. téttares, Lat. quattuor, Goth. fidwor, Welsh pedwar, Arm. čork῾, TochA. śtwar, Lith. keturì, OCS četyre,^[3] Lyc. teteri, Pers. /čahār, Osset. cyppar/cuppar, Kashmiri tsor, Kamviri što, Osc. petora, Umbr. petor, ON fjórir, Eng. fēower/four, Gm. feor/vier, Gaul. petor, Ir. cethir/ceathair, TochB. śtwer, OPruss. keturjāi, Latv. četri, Pol. cztery, Russ. četyre, Alb. katër/katër, Thracian ketri-
5	*pénkʷe	Ved. pañca, Av. panca, Gk. pénte, Lat. quīnque, Goth. fimf, Welsh pump, Arm. hing, TochA. päñ, Lith. penkì, OCS pętĭ,^[3] Luwian paⁿta, Pers. panča/panj, Osset. fondz/fondz, Kashmiri pā.~tsh Kamviri puč, Osc. pompe, Umbr. pumpe, ON fimm, Eng. fīf/five, Gm. fimf/fünf, Gaul. pempe, Ir. cóic/cúig, TochB. piś, OPruss. pēnkjāi, Latv. pieci, Pol. pięć, Russ. pjat', Alb. pesë/pesë, Phrygian pinke
6	*s(w)eḱs	Ved. ṣáṭ, Av. xšuuaš, Gk. héks, Lat. sex, Goth. saíhs, Welsh chwech, Arm. vec῾, TochA. ṣäk, Lith. šešì, OCS šestĭ,^[3] Pers. /šeš, Osset. æxsæz/æxsæz, Kashmiri śe, Kamviri ṣu, Osc. sehs, Umbr. sehs, ON sex, Eng. siex/six, Gm. sēhs/sechs, Gaul. suex, Ir. sé/sé, TochB. ṣkas, OPruss. usjai, Latv. seši, Pol. sześć, Russ. šest', Alb. gjashtë, Illyrian ses-
7	*septm̥	Ved. saptá, Av. hapta, Gk. heptá, Lat. septem, Goth. sibun, Welsh saith, Arm. ewt῾n, TochA. ṣpät, Lith. septynì, OCS sedmĭ,^[3] Hitt. šipta-, Pers. /haft, Osset. avd/avd, Kashmiri sath, Kamviri sut, Osc. seften, ON sjau, Eng. seofon/seven, Gm. sibun/sieben, OPruss. septīnjai, Gaul. sextan, Ir. secht/seacht, TochB. ṣukt, Latv. septiņi, Pol. siedem, Russ. sem', Alb. shtatë/shtatë
8	*h₃eḱtō	Ved. aṣṭā(u), Av. ašta, Gk. oktō, Lat. octō, Goth. ahtau, Welsh wyth, Arm. owt῾, TochA. okät, Lith. aštuonì, OCS osmĭ,^[3] Lyc. aitãta-, Pers. ašta/hašt, Osset. ast/ast, Kashmiri ā.ṭh, Kamviri uṣṭ, Osc. uhto, ON átta, Eng. eahta/eight, Gm. ahto/acht, Gaul. oxtū, Ir. ocht/ocht, TochB. okt, OPruss. astōnjai, Latv. astoņi, Pol. osiem, Russ. vosem', Alb. tëte/tetë
9	*(h₁)newn̥	Ved. nava, Av. nauua, Gk. enné(w)a, Lat. novem, Goth. niun, Welsh naw, Arm. inn, TochA. ñu, Lith. devynì, OCS devętĭ,^[3] Lyc. ñuñtãta-, Pers. nava/noh, Kashmiri nav, Kamviri nu, Osc. nuven, Umbr. nuvim, ON níu, Eng. nigon/nine, Gm. niun/neun, Gaul. navan, Ir. nói/naoi, OPruss. newīnjai, Latv. deviņi, Pol. dziewięć, Russ. devjat', Alb. nëntë/nândë
10	*deḱm̥(t)	Ved. dáśa, Av. dasa, Gk. déka, Lat. decem, Goth. taíhun, Welsh deg, Arm. tasn, TochA. śäk, Lith. dẽšimt, OCS desętĭ,^[3] Pers. daθa/dah, Osset. dæs/dæs, Kashmiri da.h, Kamviri duc,Osc. deken, Umbr. desem, ON tíu, Eng. tīen/ten, Gm. zēhen/zehn, Gaul. decam, Ir. deich/deich, TochB. śak, OPruss. desīmtan, Latv. desmit, Pol. dziesięć, Russ. desjat', Alb. dhjetë/dhetë, Dacian dece-

20	*wīḱm̥t-	Ved. viṁśatí-, Av. vīsaiti, Doric wíkati, Lat. vīgintī, M. Welsh ugein(t), Arm. k῾san, TochA. wiki,^[3] Pers. /bēst, Kashmiri vuh, Kamviri vici, Gaul. vocontio, Ir. fiche/fiche, TochB. ikäṃ, Lith. dvi-de-šimt, Alb. njëzet/njizet
30	*trīḱomt-	Skr. triṅśat, Gk. triákonta, Lat. trīgintā, Ir. /tríocha, Lith. tris-de-šimt
40	*kʷetwr̥̄ḱomt-	Skr. catvāriṅśat, Gk. tessarákonta, Lat. quadrāgintā, Lith. keturias-de-šimt
50	*penkʷēḱomt-	Skr. pañcāśat, Gk. pentêkonta, Lat. quinquāgintā, Ir. /caoga, Lith. penkias-de-šimt
60	*s(w)eḱsḱomt-	Skr. ṣaṣṭih, Gk. exêkonta, Lat. sexāgintā, Ir. /seasca, Lith. šešias-de-šimt, Russ. šest'desjat
70	*septm̥̄ḱomt-	Skr. saptatih, Gk. heptákonta, Lat. septuāgintā, Ir. /seachtó, Lith. septynias-de-šimt, Russ. sem'desjat
80	*h₃eḱtō(u)ḱomt-	Skr. aśītih, Gk. ogdôkonta, Lat. octāgintā, Ir. /ochtó, Lith. aštuonias-de-šimt, Russ. vosem'desjat
90	*(h₁)newn̥̄ḱomt-	Skr. navatih, Gk. ennenêkonta, Lat. nonāgintā, Ir. /nócha, Lith. devynias-de-šimt, Russ. devjanosto
100	*ḱm̥tom	Ved. śatám, Av. satəm, Gk. hekatón, Lat. centum, Goth. hund, Welsh cant, TochA. känt, Lith. šim̃tas, OCS sŭto,^[3] Pers. /sad, Osset. sædæ, Kashmiri śath, ON hundrað, Eng. hundred/hundred, Gm. hunt/hundert, Gaul. cantam, Ir. cét/céad, TochB. kante, Latv. simts, Pol. sto, Russ. sto/sotnja
1000	*(sm̥-)ǵʰéslo-	Skr. sahasram, Av. hazarəm, Pers. /hāzar, Gk. khilioi, Lat. mīlle, Toch. wälts/yaltse
1000	*tusdḱomti	ON þúsund, Goth. þusundi, Eng. þusend/thousand, Gm. þūsunt/tausend, Toch. tumane/tmām, Lith. tūkst-ant-is, stūks-ant-is, Latv. tūkstots, OCS tysǫšti, Pol. tysiąc, Russ. tysjača

在下列語言中，用斜槓分隔的兩個反映意味着:

陰性數的反映

數	重構	反映^[3]
3	*t(r)i-sr-	Ved. tisrás, Av. tišrō, Gaul. tidres, Ir. teoir/?
4	*kʷetwr̥-sr-	Ved. cátasras, Av. cataŋrō, Ir. cetheoir/?

數前綴的反映

數	重構	反映(通過例子)^[5]^[7]
1- (together, same)	*sm̥-	Ved. sa-kŕ̥t "once", Gk. há-ploos "one-fold, simple", Lat. sim-plex "one-fold"
2-	*dwi-	Ved. dvi-pád- "two-footed", Gk. dí-pod- "two-footed", Archaic Lat. dui-dent "a sacrifical animal with two teeth"
3-	*tri-	Ved. tri-pád- "three-footed", Gk. trí-pod- "three-footed (table)", Lat. tri-ped- "three-footed", Gaul. tri-garanus "having three cranes"
4-	*kʷ(e)tru-	Ved. cátuṣ-pád- "four-footed", Av. caθru-gaoša- "four-eared", Gk. tetrá-pod- "four-footed", Lat. quadru-ped- "four-footed"

序數的反映

數	重構	反映
第1	*pr̥h₃-wó-	Ved. pūrviyá-, OCS prĭvŭ^[6]
	*pr̥h₃-mó-	Goth. fruma, Lith. pìrmas^[6]
	其他形式	Lat. prīmus, Eng. fyrst/first,^[6] Hitt. para, Lyc. pri, Av. pairi, vienet-as, paoiriia, Osset. fyccag, farast/farast, Kamviri pürük, Gk. prōtos, Osc. perum, Umbr. pert, Roman. primul, ON fyrstr, Gm. furist/Fürst "prince, ruler"; fruo/früh "early", Ir. er/air, Welsh ar, Toch. parwät/parwe, OPruss. pariy, Latv. pirmais, Pol. pierwszy, Russ. pervyj, Alb. i parë
第2	*dwo-teró-	Skr. dvitīya, Gk. deúteros, Lith. ant(a)ras Russ. vtoroj
第3	*tri-tó-	Ved. tr̥tīya-, Gk. trítos, Lat. tertius^[6] Lith. trečias < *tretias Russ. tretij
第4	*kʷetwr̥-tó-	Gk. tétartos, Eng. feorþa/fourth, OCS četvirĭtŭ^[6] Lat. quartus, Lith. ketvirtas, Russ. chetvjortyj
第5	*penkʷ-tó-	Av. puxδa-, Gk. pémptos^[6] Lat. quintus, Lith. penktas, Russ. pjatyj
第6	*sweḱs-tó-	Gk. héktos, Lat. sextus,^[6] Lith. šeštas, Russ. šestoj
第7	*septm̥-(m)ó-	Gk. hébdomos, Lat. septimus, OCS sedmŭ,^[6] Lith. septintas, sekmas, Russ. sed'moj
第8	*h₃eḱtōw-ó-	Gk. ógdo(w)os, Lat. octāvus,^[6] Russ. vos'moj, Lith. aštuntas, ašmas
第9	*(h₁)newn̥-(n)ó-	Lat. nonus,^[6] Gk. énatos, Russ. devjatyj, Lith. devintas
第10	*dekm̥-(m)ó-	Ved. daśamá-, Av. dasəma-, Lat. decimus,^[6] Gk. dékatos, Lith. dešimtas, Russ. desjatyj

註釋

^ Sihler (1995:402–24頁)
^ Beekes (1995:212–16頁)
^ ^3.00 ^3.01 ^3.02 ^3.03 ^3.04 ^3.05 ^3.06 ^3.07 ^3.08 ^3.09 ^3.10 ^3.11 ^3.12 ^3.13 Fortson (2004:131頁)
^ Lehmann (1993:252–255頁)
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 Fortson (2004:131–132頁)
^ ^6.00 ^6.01 ^6.02 ^6.03 ^6.04 ^6.05 ^6.06 ^6.07 ^6.08 ^6.09 ^6.10 ^6.11 Fortson (2004:132頁)
^ Fortson (2004:120頁)

引用

Beekes, Robert S. P., Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 1995, ISBN 90-272-2150-2
Fortson, Benjamin W., Indo-European Language and Culture, Blackwell Publishing, 2004, ISBN 1-4051-0316-7
Lehmann, Winfried P., Theoretical Bases of Indo-European Linguistics, London: Routledge, 1993, ISBN 0-415-08201-3
Sihler, Andrew L., New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford University Press, 1995, ISBN 0-19-508345-8

[1] Sihler (1995:402–24頁)

[2] Beekes (1995:212–16頁)

[Fortson_p131-3] 3.00 ^3.01 ^3.02 ^3.03 ^3.04 ^3.05 ^3.06 ^3.07 ^3.08 ^3.09 ^3.10 ^3.11 ^3.12 ^3.13 Fortson (2004:131頁)

[4] Lehmann (1993:252–255頁)

[Fortson_p131f-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Fortson (2004:131–132頁)

[Fortson_p132-6] 6.00 ^6.01 ^6.02 ^6.03 ^6.04 ^6.05 ^6.06 ^6.07 ^6.08 ^6.09 ^6.10 ^6.11 Fortson (2004:132頁)

[7] Fortson (2004:120頁)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

閱論編原始印歐語
音韻學	重音顎—噝音同言線聲門音理論喉音理論飄忽s- 語音定律概覽牧牛人規則格拉斯曼定律 kʷetwóres規則 Osthoff定律（英語：Osthoff's law） Pinault定律 Ruki定律（英語：Ruki's law） Siebs定律 Stang定律 Szemerényi定律
詞態學	元音變換 Caland系統（英語：Caland system） h₂e-共軛（英語：h₂e-conjugation theory） Narten present（英語：Narten present） Nasal infix（英語：Nasal infix）詞根元音詞幹 Vṛddhi-derivation（英語：Vṛddhi-derivation）
詞性	名詞性詞（包括名詞和形容詞）數詞小品詞代詞動詞系詞詞彙表（英語：Indo-European vocabulary）
主要資料	Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch（英語：Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch） (IEW) Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben（英語：Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben） (LIV) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme（英語：Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme） (LIPP) Nomina im Indogermanischen Lexikon（英語：Nomina im Indogermanischen Lexikon） (NIL) Indo-European Etymological Dictionary（英語：Indo-European Etymological Dictionary） (IEED)
來源	印歐人遷移（英語：Indo-European migrations）原始印歐人發源地（英語：Proto-Indo-European homeland）鮭魚問題北歐假說墳塚假說
藝術作品	Schleicher's fable（英語：Schleicher's fable） The king and the god（英語：The king and the god）
另見	原始印歐人原始印歐人宗教（英語：Proto-Indo-European religion）原始印歐人社會（英語：Proto-Indo-European society）印歐學 Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture（英語：Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture） (EIE)