聖經無誤

聖經無誤（英語：Biblical inerrancy），或稱聖經無謬無誤、聖經絕對無誤、聖經底本無誤，是基督新教基要派對於聖經的神學觀點，也是部分福音派、靈恩派、時代論的核心思想。聖經無誤論者相信聖經中所有的教訓都沒有錯誤和缺失；^[1]或至少認為最原始版本的經文沒有任何地方違背事實。^[2]因為聖經是由上帝啟示其作者與編輯者寫成，聖經的一字一句，等同於由上帝直接寫下。在翻譯及傳抄時可能會出錯，但是，此外的部份，都是完全正確的。因此，聖經中的每字每句都完全沒有錯誤，不可能錯誤，並且沒有自相矛盾之處；「聖經是完全準確的，包括歷史和科學的部分」。^[3]

另外一些基督新教傳統（包括自由主義神學、新正統神學和部分福音派），對此持比較寬鬆的看法，認為聖經雖然是上帝默示，經由人寫作編輯，可能有部分限制或技術上的缺失，故主張聖經無謬（Biblical infallibility）；聖經在其主旨（神學、教義、信仰生活上）沒有錯誤，在歷史、科學等部份則不排除有誤，又稱為聖經真理無誤。^[4]^[5]

聖經無誤在北美福音派中是一項重要的教義與神學議題，1978年進一步形成了《芝加哥聖經無誤宣言》（Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy，CSBI），但對於其餘地區或其他教派來說並沒有同樣顯著的意義。英國福音派對於此議題的重視就不若北美福音派，幾乎沒有在信仰生活發揮任何作用。^[6]^[7]改革宗等宗派在《西敏信條》中關於聖經的認信是：「上帝是聖經的作者，所以我們應當接受聖經，因為聖經是上帝的話」、因着教會的見證、對聖經屬性的認識，尤其聖靈與上帝的話在我們心中所作的見證，「讓我們完全確信聖經無謬真理與屬上帝權威」。^[8]天主教在第二次梵蒂岡大公會議《天主的啟示》中關於聖經的教義解釋則是：「理當承認聖經是天主為我們的得救，而堅定地、忠實地、無錯誤地、教訓我們的真理」、「當以同等的熱忱與敬意來接受並尊重」。^[9]

定義

無誤

「無誤」（inerrancy）一詞來自英語單詞「inerrant」，源自拉丁語「inerrantem」。《牛津英語詞典》將「inerrant」定義為「無誤；沒有錯誤；真確的。」^[10]

完全無誤和有限無誤

一些聖經字面主義者或保守派基督徒教導聖經在所有方面都沒有錯誤，包括年代學、歷史、生物學、社會學、心理學、政治、物理學、數學、藝術等等。^[11] 其他基督徒則相信，經文只有在落實其主旨時才是正確的（無誤的），意即揭示上帝、上帝的異象、目的以對人類的好消息。^[12]

無誤和無謬

若在「無誤」（inerrancy）之外另外論及聖經的「無謬」（infallibility），這個表述在神學上的意涵可能是以下之一：

「無謬」等於「無誤」。
「無誤」是完全無誤，「無謬」指更狹義的觀點，即聖經在向人類傳達上帝的自我啟示方面沒有錯誤。 ^[13]^[14]根據這種理解，「無謬」指涉的範圍較「無誤」少。
傅蘭姆（John M. Frame）認為在字義上原本「無謬」是比「無誤」更強烈的用詞：「無誤」意味不存在錯誤；「無謬」意味不可能有錯誤。^[15]

歷史

一些教會到了後宗教改革時期開始形成不是基於會議、信條或教會權威的聖經無誤教義。^[16] 照科爾曼（R.J.Coleman）的說法，「教會歷史之中有很長的時間中，聖經無誤並不是一個關鍵問題。實際上，兩個世紀前才有了正式的聖經無誤教義。之後充斥各樣贊成和反對論點的書籍，幾乎任何人都可以加入到辯論中。」^[17]

然而，在20世紀70年代和80年代，古代神學界之間關於《聖經》是否絕對正確的辯論，成為學術焦點。一些著名的基督教神學院，如普林斯頓神學院和福樂神學院，正式採納了完全真確（infallibility）教義而拒絕了聖經無誤（inerrancy^[18]）教義。

本次辯論的另一方面主要是關於《今日基督教》雜誌和哈羅德·林塞爾的《為了聖經的戰役》一書。作者斷言，聖經無誤教義的喪失將會破壞教會。保守基督教背後的想法是認為，一旦一個人無視《聖經》的終極真理，那麼一切都可以變成合理的^[11]。

對基要派的批評

「聖經絕對無誤」被視為循環論證。看循環論證#複雜的支持結構1。

參考文獻

引用

^ Geisler, NL. and Roach, B., Defending Inerrancy: Affirming the Accuracy of Scripture for a New Generation, Baker Books, 2012.
^ Grudem, Wayne A. Systematic theology: an introduction to biblical doctrine. Leicester: Inter-Varsity Press. 1994: 90. ISBN 978-0-85110-652-6. OCLC 29952151.
^ Geisler & Nix. A General Introduction to the Bible. Moody Press, Chicago. 1986. ISBN 0-8024-2916-5.
^ McKim, DK, Westminster dictionary of theological terms, Westminster John Knox Press, 1996.
^ Geisler, N. L. (ed), Inerrancy, Zondervan, 1980, p. 22. "The trouble is that such a distinction is nowhere to be found in Jesus' own teaching, and seems to be precluded by His testimony both to the unqualified historical accuracy and the inspiration of the Old Testament ... The attempt to discriminate ... seems to be a product of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries".
^ Crisp, Oliver D. A British Perspective on Evangelicalism. Fuller Magazine. Fuller Theological Seminary. [18 April 2016]. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-28）.
^ Holmes, Stephen R. British (and European) Evangelical Theologies. The Cambridge Companion to Evangelical Theology. Cambridge University Press. 2007: 254 [18 April 2016]. ISBN 9781139827508.
^ "《威敏斯特信仰告白》(中英對照)" (PDF). [2023-07-26]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2023-11-20）.
^ "梵蒂岡第二屆大公會議文獻- 《天主的啟示》教義憲章". [2023-07-26]. （原始內容存檔於2016-04-13）.
^ That does not err; free from error; unerring.“inerrant”. Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. July 26, 2023 [2023-07-26]. （原始內容存檔於2023-07-26）.
^ ^11.0 ^11.1 Lindsell, Harold. "The Battle for the Bible". Zondervan. 1978. ISBN 0-310-27681-0.
^ Robinson, B.A. "Inerrancy: Is the Bible free of error? All points of view". Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance, 2008-SEP-01. Web: 25 January 2010. Inerrancy: Is the Bible free of error?' （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
^ McKim, DK, Westminster dictionary of theological terms, Westminster John Knox Press, 1996.
^ Geisler, N. L. (ed), Inerrancy, Zondervan, 1980, p. 22. "The trouble is that such a distinction is nowhere to be found in Jesus' own teaching, and seems to be precluded by His testimony both to the unqualified historical accuracy and the inspiration of the Old Testament [...] The attempt to discriminate [...] seems to be a product of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries".
^ Frame, John M. "Is the Bible Inerrant?" IIIM Magazine Online, Volume 4, Number 19, May 13 to May 20, 2002 [1] （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
^ Hendel, Ronald. "The Dream of a Perfect Text: Textual Criticism and Biblical Inerrancy in Early Modern Europe," in e.d. Collins, J.J., Sibyls, Scriptures, and Scrolls: John Collins at Seventy, Brill, 2017, 517-541, esp. 524-531. On pg. 529, Hendel writes "The doctrine of uniform inerrancy in the literal sense across all details is an innovation of the Catholic-Protestant polemics after Trent."
^ Coleman. Biblical Inerrancy: Are We Going Anywhere?. Theology Today Volume 31, No. 4. 1975.
^ The Inerrancy of the New Testament

來源

書籍

Gleason Archer, 2001. New Encyclopedia of Bible Difficulties. ISBN 0-310-24146-4.
N. T. Wright, The Last Word: Beyond Bible Wars to a New Understanding of the Authority of Scripture. Harper-San Francisco, 2005. ISBN 0-06-081609-4.

參見

[1] Geisler, NL. and Roach, B., Defending Inerrancy: Affirming the Accuracy of Scripture for a New Generation, Baker Books, 2012.

[Grudem90-2] Grudem, Wayne A. Systematic theology: an introduction to biblical doctrine. Leicester: Inter-Varsity Press. 1994: 90. ISBN 978-0-85110-652-6. OCLC 29952151.

[3] Geisler & Nix. A General Introduction to the Bible. Moody Press, Chicago. 1986. ISBN 0-8024-2916-5.

[4] McKim, DK, Westminster dictionary of theological terms, Westminster John Knox Press, 1996.

[5] Geisler, N. L. (ed), Inerrancy, Zondervan, 1980, p. 22. "The trouble is that such a distinction is nowhere to be found in Jesus' own teaching, and seems to be precluded by His testimony both to the unqualified historical accuracy and the inspiration of the Old Testament ... The attempt to discriminate ... seems to be a product of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries".

[6] Crisp, Oliver D. A British Perspective on Evangelicalism. Fuller Magazine. Fuller Theological Seminary. [18 April 2016]. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-28）.

[7] Holmes, Stephen R. British (and European) Evangelical Theologies. The Cambridge Companion to Evangelical Theology. Cambridge University Press. 2007: 254 [18 April 2016]. ISBN 9781139827508.

[8] "《威敏斯特信仰告白》(中英對照)" (PDF). [2023-07-26]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2023-11-20）.

[9] "梵蒂岡第二屆大公會議文獻- 《天主的啟示》教義憲章". [2023-07-26]. （原始內容存檔於2016-04-13）.

[10] That does not err; free from error; unerring.“inerrant”. Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. July 26, 2023 [2023-07-26]. （原始內容存檔於2023-07-26）.

[inerrancy-11] 11.0 ^11.1 Lindsell, Harold. "The Battle for the Bible". Zondervan. 1978. ISBN 0-310-27681-0.

[Tolerance-12] Robinson, B.A. "Inerrancy: Is the Bible free of error? All points of view". Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance, 2008-SEP-01. Web: 25 January 2010. Inerrancy: Is the Bible free of error?' （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

[13] McKim, DK, Westminster dictionary of theological terms, Westminster John Knox Press, 1996.

[14] Geisler, N. L. (ed), Inerrancy, Zondervan, 1980, p. 22. "The trouble is that such a distinction is nowhere to be found in Jesus' own teaching, and seems to be precluded by His testimony both to the unqualified historical accuracy and the inspiration of the Old Testament [...] The attempt to discriminate [...] seems to be a product of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries".

[15] Frame, John M. "Is the Bible Inerrant?" IIIM Magazine Online, Volume 4, Number 19, May 13 to May 20, 2002 [1] （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

[hendel-16] Hendel, Ronald. "The Dream of a Perfect Text: Textual Criticism and Biblical Inerrancy in Early Modern Europe," in e.d. Collins, J.J., Sibyls, Scriptures, and Scrolls: John Collins at Seventy, Brill, 2017, 517-541, esp. 524-531. On pg. 529, Hendel writes "The doctrine of uniform inerrancy in the literal sense across all details is an innovation of the Catholic-Protestant polemics after Trent."

[infallible-17] Coleman. Biblical Inerrancy: Are We Going Anywhere?. Theology Today Volume 31, No. 4. 1975.

[18] The Inerrancy of the New Testament

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]