用戶:Ngguls/科瓦語

科瓦語
科瓦語
Chitrali
کهووار
母語國家和地區	巴基斯坦和印度
區域	Chitral District, 查謨-克什米爾邦
族群	科人（英語：Kho people）
母語使用人數	290,000 （2004）
語系	印歐語系印度-伊朗語族印度-雅利安語支 Dardic（英語：Dardic languages）科瓦語; ; ; ;
文字	科瓦文（英語：Khowar alphabet）（基於阿拉伯字母）
語言代碼
ISO 639-3	khw
Glottolog	khow1242
語言瞭望站	59-AAB-aa

科瓦語(کهووار，Khō-wār)，或稱奇特拉爾語，是使用於巴基斯坦和印度的一種語言，該語言系屬於印歐語系印度-伊朗語族的達爾德語（英語：Dardic languages），為科人（英語：Kho people）的母語。在英屬印度時期，這種語言曾被稱作奇特拉爾語（Chitrālī）或Qāshqār ，而現今多稱為科瓦語。「科瓦」（Khō-wār）一詞為科人對自己語言的稱呼，其中「科」（Khō）指科人，「瓦」（wār）意為語言，「科瓦」即科人的語言（Khowar）^[4] 。

吉爾吉特-巴爾蒂斯坦

Khowar (), also known as Chitrali, is an 印度-雅利安語支 of the|Dardic subbranch.^[5]

"Kho" means the people of Chitral, "War" means language. It is spoken by the Kho people in the Chitral District, 吉澤爾縣 district of

(including the Yasin Valley（英語：Yasin Valley）, Golaghmuli Valley（英語：Golaghmuli Valley）, Phandar Ishkoman（英語：Ishkoman） and Gupis) and in parts of Upper 斯瓦特縣 (Mateltan Village), 巴基斯坦, as well as in 查謨-克什米爾邦, 印度.^[1]

歷史

Morgenstierne（英語：Georg Morgenstierne） noted that "Khowar, in many respects [is] the most archaic of all modern Indian languages, retaining a great part of 梵語 case inflexion, and retaining many words in a nearly Sanskritic form."^[6]^:3

音系

Khowar has a variety of dialects, which may vary phonemically.^[7] The following tables lay out the basic phonology of Khowar.^[8]^[9]

元音

	前元音	央元音	後元音
閉元音	i		u
中元音	e		o
開元音		a

Khowar may also have nasalized vowels and a series of 元音長度 /aː/, /eː/, /iː/, /oː/, and /uː/. Sources are inconsistent on whether length is phonemic, with one author stating "vowel-length is observed mainly as a substitute one. The vowel-length of phonological value is noted far more rarely."^[7] Unlike the neighboring and related Kalasha language（英語：Kalasha-mun）, Khowar does not have retroflex vowels.^[8]

輔音

		唇音	舌冠音	捲舌音	硬齶音	軟齶音	小舌音	聲門音
鼻音 (輔音)		m	n
塞音	清音（英語：Voicelessness）	p	t	ʈ		k	(q)
	濁音	b	d	ɖ		g
	送氣	pʰ	tʰ	ʈʰ		kʰ
塞擦音	voiceless（英語：Voicelessness）		ts	ʈʂ	tʃ
	清濁音		dz	ɖʐ	dʒ
	送氣		tsʰ (?)	ʈʂʰ	tʃʰ
擦音	voiceless（英語：Voicelessness）	f	s	ʂ	ʃ	x		h
擦音	清濁音		z	ʐ	ʒ	ɣ
近音			l(ʲ) ɫ		j	w
Rhotic（英語：Rhotic consonant）			ɾ

The phonemic status of /tsʰ/ is unclear in the sources

Tone

Khowar, like many Dardic languages（英語：Dardic languages）, has either phonemic tone or stress distinctions.^[10]

書寫系統

Since the early twentieth century Khowar has been written in the Khowar alphabet（英語：Khowar alphabet）, which is based on the 烏爾都字母 and uses the 波斯體. Prior to that, the language was carried on through 口頭傳統. Today 烏爾都語 and English are the official languages and the only major literary usage of Khowar is in both poetry and prose composition. Khowar has also been occasionally written in a version of the Roman script called Roman Khowar（英語：Roman Khowar） since the 1960s.

方言

Standard Khowar
Swati Khowar (Swat Kohistan)
Lotkuhiwar (Lotkuh Valley/ Gramchashma Valley)
Gherzikwar (Ghizer Valley)
Gilgiti Khowar (Gilgit-Baltistan), spoken by a few families in Gilgit city.

Khowar media

Television channels

TV Channel	Genre	Founded	Official Website
Khyber News TV (خیبر نیوز ٹیلی ویژن‬)	News and current affairs		http://www.khybernews.tv/
AVT Khyber TV (اے وی ٹی خیبر‬)	Entertainment		http://www.avtkhyber.tv/
K2 TV (کے ٹو‬)	Entertainment, news and current affairs		http://www.kay2.tv/
Zeal News (ذیل نیوز)	News and Current Affairs	2016	http://www.khowar.zealnews.tv

Radio

These are not dedicated Khowar channels but play most programmes in Khowar.

Radio Channel	Genre	Founded	Official Website
Radio Pakistan Chitral	Entertainment		http://www.radio.gov.pk/
Radio Pakistan Peshawar	Entertainment		http://www.radio.gov.pk/
Radio Pakistan Gilgit	Entertainment		http://www.radio.gov.pk/
FM105 Chitral	Entertainment		http://www.hotfm.com.pk

報紙

Newspaper	City(ies)	Founded	Official Website
Chitral Vision (چترال وژن‬)	Karachi, Chitral（英語：Chitral）, 巴基斯坦
Chitral Today			http://chitraltoday.net

參考資料

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twentieth Edition. Dallas: SIL國際. 2017 （English）.
^ 科瓦語於《民族語》的連結（第19版，2016年）
^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (編). Khowar. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
^ Template:LSI
^ electricpulp.com. DARDESTĀN – Encyclopaedia Iranica.
^ Morgenstierne, Georg. Languages of Nuristan and surrounding regions. Jettmar, Karl; Edelberg, Lennart (編). Cultures of the Hindukush: selected papers from the Hindu-Kush Cultural Conference held at Moesgård 1970. Beiträge zur Südasienforschung, Südasien-Institut Universität Heidelberg Bd. 1. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner. 1974: 1–10. ISBN 978-3-515-01217-1.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Edelman, D. I. The Dardic and Nuristani Languages. Moscow: Institut vostokovedenii︠a︡ (Akademii︠a︡ nauk SSSR). 1983: 210.
^ ^8.0 ^8.1 Bashir, Elena L., Topics in Kalasha Syntax: An areal and typological perspective (PDF), Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan, 1988: 37–40
^ Bashir, Elena L., Maula Nigah and Rahmat Karim Baig, A Digital Khowar-English Dictionary with Audio
^ Baart, Joan L. G., Tonal features in languages of northern Pakistan (PDF), National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics: 3, 6, 2003

Additional references

Bashir, Elena (2001) "Spatial Representation in Khowar". Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.
Decker, D. Kendall. Languages of Chitral. 1992. ISBN 969-8023-15-1.
L'Homme, Erik (1999) Parlons Khowar. Langue et culture de l'ancien royaume de Chitral au Pakistan. Paris: L'Harmattan
Morgenstierne, Georg（英語：Georg Morgenstierne） (1936) "Iranian Elements in Khowar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. VIII, London.
Badshah Munir Bukhari (2001) Khowar language. University publisher. Pakistan
Morgenstierne, Georg (1947) "Some Features of Khowar Morphology". Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap, Vol. XIV, Oslo.
Morgenstierne, Georg (1957) Sanskritic Words in Khowar. Felicitation Volume Presented to S. K. Belvalkar. Benares. 84–98 [Reprinted in Morgenstierne (1973): Irano-Dardica, 267–72]
Mohammad Ismail Sloan（英語：Sam Sloan） (1981) Khowar-English Dictionary. Peshawar. ISBN 0-923891-15-3.
Decker, Kendall D. (1992). Languages of Chitral (Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 5). National Institute of Pakistani Studies, 257 pp. ISBN 969-8023-15-1.
Zeal News

外部連結

Georg Morgenstierne. National Library of Norway. 2001 [11 January 2009].
Strand, Richard F. Khow`ar Lexicon. 2011 [16 January 2012].
Strand, Richard F. The Sound System of Khow`ar. 2012 [16 January 2012].

Template:Dardic languages

[SimonsFenning2017-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twentieth Edition. Dallas: SIL國際. 2017 （English）.

[e19-2] 科瓦語於《民族語》的連結（第19版，2016年）

[Glottolog-3] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (編). Khowar. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.

[LSI-4] Template:LSI

[5] tricpulp.com. DARDESTĀN – Encyclopaedia Iranica.

[6] Morgenstierne, Georg. Languages of Nuristan and surrounding regions. Jettmar, Karl; Edelberg, Lennart (編). Cultures of the Hindukush: selected papers from the Hindu-Kush Cultural Conference held at Moesgård 1970. Beiträge zur Südasienforschung, Südasien-Institut Universität Heidelberg Bd. 1. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner. 1974: 1–10. ISBN 978-3-515-01217-1.

[Edelman-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Edelman, D. I. The Dardic and Nuristani Languages. Moscow: Institut vostokovedenii︠a︡ (Akademii︠a︡ nauk SSSR). 1983: 210.

[Bashir1-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Bashir, Elena L., Topics in Kalasha Syntax: An areal and typological perspective (PDF), Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan, 1988: 37–40

[Bashir2-9] Bashir, Elena L., Maula Nigah and Rahmat Karim Baig, A Digital Khowar-English Dictionary with Audio

[Baart-10] Baart, Joan L. G., Tonal features in languages of northern Pakistan (PDF), National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics: 3, 6, 2003

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歷史

音系

元音

輔音