外周血管系統

外周血管系統是循環系統的一部分，它由手臂、手、腿和腳等不在胸部或腹部的靜脈和動脈組成。 ^[1]^[2]外周動脈向身體提供含氧血液，外周靜脈將四肢毛細血管中的去氧血液引導回心臟。 ^[3]醫院和護理人員中經常在外周靜脈處對病人進行靜脈注射。^[4]^[5]^[6]

參考文獻

^ What Is Peripheral Vascular Disease? (PDF). American Heart Association (heart.org). 2012 [26 February 2015]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於April 12, 2015）. Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is the narrowing of the arteries to the legs, stomach, arms and head.
^ Overview of Peripheral Arterial Disease - Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders. Merck Manuals Consumer Version. [30 April 2019]. （原始內容存檔於2019-04-30）（加拿大英語）. Disorders of arteries that supply the brain with blood are considered separately as cerebrovascular disease. Disorders that reduce blood flow of arteries in the abdomen are considered separately as abdominal aortic branch occlusion.
^ Hochauf, Sandra; Sternitzky, Reinhardt; Schellong, Sebastian M. Struktur und Funktion des venösen Systems. Herz (Springer Nature). 2007, 32 (1): 3–9. ISSN 0340-9937. PMID 17323029. doi:10.1007/s00059-007-2951-x （德語）.
^ Malenfant, Jason; Bubb, Kathleen; Wade, Alena; Tubbs, R. Shane; Loukas, Marios. Vascular Anatomy of Central and Peripheral Veins. Milano: Springer Milan. 2012: 11–17. ISBN 978-88-470-2372-7. doi:10.1007/978-88-470-2373-4_2.
^ peripheral venous catheter. National Cancer Institute. [2019-05-02]. （原始內容存檔於2020-08-13）.
^ Lamperti, M.; Pittiruti, M. II. Difficult peripheral veins: turn on the lights. BJA: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2013-06-01, 110 (6): 888–891 [2019-05-02]. ISSN 0007-0912. PMID 23687310. doi:10.1093/bja/aet078. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-05）.

[Heart2012-1] What Is Peripheral Vascular Disease? (PDF). American Heart Association (heart.org). 2012 [26 February 2015]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於April 12, 2015）. Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is the narrowing of the arteries to the legs, stomach, arms and head.

[Mer2019-2] Overview of Peripheral Arterial Disease - Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders. Merck Manuals Consumer Version. [30 April 2019]. （原始內容存檔於2019-04-30）（加拿大英語）. Disorders of arteries that supply the brain with blood are considered separately as cerebrovascular disease. Disorders that reduce blood flow of arteries in the abdomen are considered separately as abdominal aortic branch occlusion.

[Hochauf_Sternitzky_Schellong_2007_pp._3–9-3] Hochauf, Sandra; Sternitzky, Reinhardt; Schellong, Sebastian M. Struktur und Funktion des venösen Systems. Herz (Springer Nature). 2007, 32 (1): 3–9. ISSN 0340-9937. PMID 17323029. doi:10.1007/s00059-007-2951-x （德語）.

[Malenfant_Bubb_Wade_Tubbs_2012_pp._11–17-4] Malenfant, Jason; Bubb, Kathleen; Wade, Alena; Tubbs, R. Shane; Loukas, Marios. Vascular Anatomy of Central and Peripheral Veins. Milano: Springer Milan. 2012: 11–17. ISBN 978-88-470-2372-7. doi:10.1007/978-88-470-2373-4_2.

[National_Cancer_Institute-5] ripheral venous catheter. National Cancer Institute. [2019-05-02]. （原始內容存檔於2020-08-13）.

[Lamperti_Pittiruti_2013_pp._888–891-6] Lamperti, M.; Pittiruti, M. II. Difficult peripheral veins: turn on the lights. BJA: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2013-06-01, 110 (6): 888–891 [2019-05-02]. ISSN 0007-0912. PMID 23687310. doi:10.1093/bja/aet078. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-05）.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]