金龜

草龜
保護狀況
	; 瀕危（IUCN 3.1）
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	脊索動物門 Chordata
綱：	爬蟲綱 Reptilia
目：	龜鱉目 Testudines
亞目：	曲頸龜亞目 Cryptodira
科：	地龜科 Geoemydidae
屬：	石龜屬 Mauremys
種：	草龜 M. reevesii
二名法
	Mauremys reevesii; (Gray, 1831)
異名
	列表 * Emys reevesii ; Gray, 1831 ; * Clemmys (Clemmys) reevesii ; — Fitzinger, 1835 ; * Emys vulgaris picta ; Schlegel, 1844 ; * Emys japonica ; A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron in ; A.M.C. Duméril & A.H.A. Duméril, 1851 ; * Geoclemys reevesii ; — Gray, 1856 ; * Damonia reevesii ; — Gray, 1869 ; * Damonia unicolor ; Gray, 1873 ; * Clemmys unicolor ; — Sclater, 1873 ; * Damonia reevesii var. unicolor ; — Boulenger, 1889 ; * Geoclemys [reevesii] reevesii ; — Siebenrock, 1907 ; * Geoclemys reevesii unicolor ; — Siebenrock, 1907 ; * Geoclemmys [sic] reevesi ; — Vogt, 1924 (ex errore) ; * Geoclemys grangeri ; Schmidt, 1925 ; * Geoclemys paracaretta ; Chang, 1929 ; * Geoclemys reevesi grangeri ; — Mell, 1929 ; * Chinemys reevesi ; — H.M. Smith, 1931 ; * Geoclemys papacaretta [sic] ; Fang, 1934 (ex errore) ; * Emys reevesi ; — Bourret, 1941 ; * Chinemys reevesii ; Mertens & Wermuth, 1955 ; * Chinemys reevesi ; — Mao, 1971 ; * Chinemys grangeri ; — Pritchard, 1979 ; * Chinemys pani ; Tao, 1988 ; * Chinemys reevessi [sic] ; Obst, 1996 (ex errore) ; * Chinemys reveesii [sic] ; Fritz, 1996 (ex errore) ; * Mauremys reevesii ; — Spinks, Shaffer, Iverson & McCord, 2004;

草龜（學名：Mauremys reevesii），又名烏龜、中華金龜、金龜、珍珠龜、金線龜、墨龜、泥龜、水龜、山龜、臭青龜、長壽龜等，是石龜屬下的一種龜。^[4]

金龜一般以植物、蝦和小魚為食物，幼年偏向肉食，成年偏向草食。

特徵

頭、頸側面有黃色線狀斑紋，有三條縱向的隆起，後緣不呈鋸齒狀；雄體背部為黑色或全身黑色，雌體為棕色，腹面略帶一些黃色，均有暗褐色斑紋；四肢比較扁平，有爪子，趾間具有全蹼。成年的雌雄性個差異大，雄性尾粗，體型小。雌性一般長度為12-15厘米，雄性一般為8-10厘米。雌性殼較闊圓，而雄性殼較窄長，呈長方形。^[5]

分佈

它們分佈在中國大陸、台灣、日本、韓國以及印尼小巽他群島。

混種

草龜與其他地龜科混種的能力特強。臘戍擬水龜就是雄性金龜及雌性黃喉擬水龜的混種，但起源不明。牠們也會與花龜、雌性馬來閉殼龜、雄性四眼斑水龜及飼養的日本石龜等都有混種。^[6]^[7]所以牠們作為寵物時要盡可能與其他同科的成員分開。

現況

草龜被世界自然保護聯盟列為瀕危^[1]，牠們受到過度捕獵所威脅（目前在台灣為二級保育類）。^[8]而對香港及中國大陸而言，草龜因有人工繁殖的市場，而令市面有大量的草龜提供給飼養者。

參考

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 van Dijk, P.P. Chinemys reevesii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011. [2016-01-11].
^ Rhodin, Anders G.J.; van Dijk, Peter Paul; Iverson, John B.; Shaffer, H. Bradley. Turtles of the world, 2010 update: Annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution and conservation status (PDF). Chelonian Research Monographs. 2010-12-14, 5: 000.112. ISBN 978-0965354097. doi:10.3854/crm.5.000.checklist.v3.2010. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於15 December 2010）.
^ Fritz, Uwe; Havaš, Peter. Checklist of Chelonians of the World (PDF). Vertebrate Zoology. 2007, 57 (2): 232–233 [29 May 2012]. ISSN 1864-5755. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於17 December 2010）.
^ Xingquan Xia, Ling Wang, Liuwang Nie, Zhengfeng Huang, Yuan Jiang, Wanxing Jing and Luo Liu. 2011. Interspecific hybridization between Mauremys reevesii and Mauremys sinensis: Evidence from morphology and DNA sequence data. African Journal of Biotechnology. 10(35), 6716-6724. http://www.academicjournals.org/ajb/PDF/pdf2011/13Jul/Xia%20et%20al.pdf
^ 香港兩棲及爬蟲協會 (PDF). [2016-03-06]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2017-03-05）.
^ Parham, James Ford; Simison, W. Brian; Kozak, Kenneth H.; Feldman, Chris R. & Shi, Haitao. New Chinese turtles: endangered or invalid? A reassessment of two species using mitochondrial DNA, allozyme electrophoresis and known-locality specimens (PDF). Animal Conservation. 2001, 4 (4): 357–367. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2008-07-24）.
^ Buskirk, James R.; Parham, James F. & Feldman, Chris R. On the hybridisation between two distantly related Asian turtles (Testudines: Sacalia × Mauremys) (PDF). Salamandra. 2005, 41: 21–26. ^{[失效連結]}
^ da Nóbrega Alves, Rômulo Romeu; da Silva Vieira; Washington Luiz & Gomes Santana, Gindomar. Reptiles used in traditional folk medicine: conservation implications. Biodiversity and Conservation. 2008, 17 (8): 2037–2049. doi:10.1007/s10531-007-9305-0.

外部連結

（德文）Weiter zur Infoseite über Chinesische Dreikielschildkröten

[IUCN-1] 1.0 ^1.1 van Dijk, P.P. Chinemys reevesii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011. [2016-01-11].

[Rhodin-2] Rhodin, Anders G.J.; van Dijk, Peter Paul; Iverson, John B.; Shaffer, H. Bradley. Turtles of the world, 2010 update: Annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution and conservation status (PDF). Chelonian Research Monographs. 2010-12-14, 5: 000.112. ISBN 978-0965354097. doi:10.3854/crm.5.000.checklist.v3.2010. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於15 December 2010）.

[Fritz_2007-3] Fritz, Uwe; Havaš, Peter. Checklist of Chelonians of the World (PDF). Vertebrate Zoology. 2007, 57 (2): 232–233 [29 May 2012]. ISSN 1864-5755. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於17 December 2010）.

[4] Xingquan Xia, Ling Wang, Liuwang Nie, Zhengfeng Huang, Yuan Jiang, Wanxing Jing and Luo Liu. 2011. Interspecific hybridization between Mauremys reevesii and Mauremys sinensis: Evidence from morphology and DNA sequence data. African Journal of Biotechnology. 10(35), 6716-6724. http://www.academicjournals.org/ajb/PDF/pdf2011/13Jul/Xia%20et%20al.pdf

[5] 香港兩棲及爬蟲協會 (PDF). [2016-03-06]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2017-03-05）.

[Parham2001-6] Parham, James Ford; Simison, W. Brian; Kozak, Kenneth H.; Feldman, Chris R. & Shi, Haitao. New Chinese turtles: endangered or invalid? A reassessment of two species using mitochondrial DNA, allozyme electrophoresis and known-locality specimens (PDF). Animal Conservation. 2001, 4 (4): 357–367. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2008-07-24）.

[Buskirk2005-7] Buskirk, James R.; Parham, James F. & Feldman, Chris R. On the hybridisation between two distantly related Asian turtles (Testudines: Sacalia × Mauremys) (PDF). Salamandra. 2005, 41: 21–26. ^{[失效連結]}

[Alves2008-8] Nóbrega Alves, Rômulo Romeu; da Silva Vieira; Washington Luiz & Gomes Santana, Gindomar. Reptiles used in traditional folk medicine: conservation implications. Biodiversity and Conservation. 2008, 17 (8): 2037–2049. doi:10.1007/s10531-007-9305-0.

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分類單元識別碼
Mauremys reevesii	維基數據: Q495153 維基物種: Mauremys reevesii ARKive: mauremys-reevesii BOLD: 29445 臺灣物種名錄: 380610 EoL: 4520624 GBIF: 2443597 iNaturalist: 39913 IRMNG: 10729809 ITIS: 551906 IUCN: 170502 NAS: 1228 NBN: NHMSYS0021233655 NCBI: 260615 RD: reevesii Species+: 8423 WoRMS: 1451623
Emys reevesii	維基數據: Q106448770 GBIF: 5220699 IRMNG: 10351560 ITIS: 949415 WoRMS: 1451624