金鰺

金鰺
保護狀況
	; 無危（IUCN 3.1）
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	脊索動物門 Chordata
綱：	輻鰭魚綱 Actinopteri
目：	鰺形目 Carangiformes
科：	鰺科 Carangidae
屬：	鰺屬 Caranx
種：	金鰺 C. crysos
二名法
	Caranx crysos; Mitchill, 1815
異名
	Scomber crysos, Mitchill, 1815; Carangoides crysos, Mitchill, 1815; Paratractus crysos, Mitchill, 1815; Scomber chrysos, Mitchill, 1815; Caranx fusus, Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817; Carangoides fusus, Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817; Caranx pisquetus, Cuvier, 1833; Trachurus squamosus, Gronow, 1854;

金鰺（學名：Caranx crysos）為輻鰭魚綱鱸形目鱸亞目鰺科鰺屬的魚類。

分類及命名

本種首先由美國魚類學家Samuel L. Mitchill在1815年根據從美國紐約灣水域採集的標本進行科學描述，該標本被指定為模式種。^[1]他將這種物種命名為Scomber crysos，並提出了一個常見的名稱「黃鯖魚」，其學名在拉丁語中意為「黃金」。之後又被歸類在Caranx，Carangoides或Paratractus屬中，但目前被認為是有效的名稱為Caranx crysos。^[2]

分佈

本魚分佈於東大西洋區，從塞內加爾至安哥拉，包括地中海西部；西大西洋區，從加拿大新斯科細亞省至巴西，包括加勒比海海域，為亞熱帶海水魚，棲息深度0-100公尺。

特徵

本魚體呈橢圓形而側扁，背部和腹部輪廓具有近似相等的凸度和鼻子略尖，^[3]眼睛的後部有發育良好的脂肪眼瞼覆蓋，背鰭2個，背鰭硬棘9枚、背鰭軟條22-25枚、臀鰭硬棘3枚、臀鰭軟條19-21枚，尾鰭叉形，側線明顯，具有短的弓形彎曲，其彎曲部分與第二背鰭的脊柱下方的直線部分相交。^[4]上頜包含一系列不規則的外犬齒，內帶有小且規則間隔的牙齒，而下頜包含一條小牙齒帶，體長可達70公分，背面藍綠色到橄欖綠色不等，腹部變成銀灰色到黃銅色。稚魚身上通常有7條深色垂直帶。魚鰭的顏色也各不相同，所有的鰭都從昏暗或透明到橄欖綠。

生態

本魚棲息在沿海海域，會進行洄游，成群活動，以魚類、甲殼類等為食，對大西洋兩岸物種飲食的研究表明了類似的結果。一項波多黎各研究發現，該物種以魚類為主，以螃蟹，蝦，橈足類和其他小型甲殼類動物為主。^[5]^[6]在佛得角群島進行的更詳細的研究，本種以甲殼類、水母和其他小型無脊椎動物為食。^[7]幼魚以浮游動物為主要的食物來源。 ^[8]

經濟利用

本魚具有經濟價值的物種。^[9]在美洲，最近的捕撈數據顯示，正在採集（或報告）的物種數量增加，2006年和2007年捕撈量平均在6000至7000噸之間，而在1980年代和1990年代，每年捕撈量很少超過1000噸。^[10]主要以圍網、刺網和鈎線方法捕獲。在市場上以新鮮，乾燥，煙熏或魚粉，油或誘餌等方式販售。另外本魚對休閒漁業也很重要，垂釣者經常將這些物種用作食物並用作誘餌。目前已知較大的標本在其肉體中驗出雪卡毒素，其中有幾例來自維京群島。^[11]

參考文獻

^ Mitchill, S.L. The fishes of New York described and arranged. Transactions of the Literary and Philosophical Society of New York (Van Winkle and Wiley). 1815, 1: 355–492.
^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2009). Caranx crysos. FishBase. Version 2009-05.
^ Carpenter, K.E. (ed.). The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Volume 3: Bony fishes part 2 (Opistognathidae to Molidae), sea turtles and marine mammals (PDF). FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes and American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Special Publication No. 5. Rome: FAO. 2002: 1438. ISBN 92-5-104827-4.
^ Berry, F.H. Scale and scute development of the carangid fish Caranx crysos (Mitchill). Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences. 1960, 23: 59–66.
^ Randall, J.E. Food habits of reef fishes of the West Indies. Studies in Tropical Oceanography. 1967, 5: 665–847. ISSN 0081-8720.
^ da Silva Monteiro, V.M. Peixes de Cabo Verde. Lisbon: Ministério do Mar, Gabinete do Secretário de Estado da Cultura. M2- Artes Gráficas, Lda. 1998: 179.
^ Mirto, S.; M. Bellavia; T. La Rosa. Primi dati sulle abitudini alimentari di giovanili di Caranx crysos nel Golfo di Castellammare (Sicilia nord occidentale). Biologia Marina Mediterranea. 2002, 9 (1 (Supp.)): 726–728. ISSN 1123-4245.
^ Keenan, S.F.; M.C. Benfield. Importance of zooplankton in the diets of Blue Runner (Caranx crysos) near offshore petroleum platforms in the Northern Gulf of Mexico. OCS Study MMS 2003-029. New Orleans: Coastal Fisheries Institute, Louisiana State University. U.S. Dept. of the Interior. 2003: 129.
^ Fisheries and Agricultural Organisation. Global Production Statistics 1950–2007. Blue runner. FAO. [19 May 2009]. （原始內容存檔於2012-05-15）.
^ Tubino, R.D.; C. Monteiro; L.E.D. Moraes; E.T. Paes. Artisanal fisheries production in the coastal zone of Itaipu, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil (PDF). Brazilian Journal of Oceanography. 2007, 55 (3): 187–197 [22 May 2009]. doi:10.1590/s1679-87592007000300003. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2015-09-24）.
^ Morris, J.G.; P. Lewin; C.W. Smith; P.A. Blake; R. Schneider. Ciguatera Fish Poisoning – Epidemiology of the Disease on St. Thomas, United States Virgin Islands. American Journal of Tropical Health and Medicine. 1982, 31 (3): 574–578. ISSN 0002-9637.

[mitch-1] Mitchill, S.L. The fishes of New York described and arranged. Transactions of the Literary and Philosophical Society of New York (Van Winkle and Wiley). 1815, 1: 355–492.

[fishbase-2] Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2009). Caranx crysos. FishBase. Version 2009-05.

[FAO-3] Carpenter, K.E. (ed.). The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Volume 3: Bony fishes part 2 (Opistognathidae to Molidae), sea turtles and marine mammals (PDF). FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes and American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Special Publication No. 5. Rome: FAO. 2002: 1438. ISBN 92-5-104827-4.

[4] Berry, F.H. Scale and scute development of the carangid fish Caranx crysos (Mitchill). Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences. 1960, 23: 59–66.

[5] Randall, J.E. Food habits of reef fishes of the West Indies. Studies in Tropical Oceanography. 1967, 5: 665–847. ISSN 0081-8720.

[6] Silva Monteiro, V.M. Peixes de Cabo Verde. Lisbon: Ministério do Mar, Gabinete do Secretário de Estado da Cultura. M2- Artes Gráficas, Lda. 1998: 179.

[7] Mirto, S.; M. Bellavia; T. La Rosa. Primi dati sulle abitudini alimentari di giovanili di Caranx crysos nel Golfo di Castellammare (Sicilia nord occidentale). Biologia Marina Mediterranea. 2002, 9 (1 (Supp.)): 726–728. ISSN 1123-4245.

[foodoil-8] Keenan, S.F.; M.C. Benfield. Importance of zooplankton in the diets of Blue Runner (Caranx crysos) near offshore petroleum platforms in the Northern Gulf of Mexico. OCS Study MMS 2003-029. New Orleans: Coastal Fisheries Institute, Louisiana State University. U.S. Dept. of the Interior. 2003: 129.

[fisheries-9] Fisheries and Agricultural Organisation. Global Production Statistics 1950–2007. Blue runner. FAO. [19 May 2009]. （原始內容存檔於2012-05-15）.

[10] Tubino, R.D.; C. Monteiro; L.E.D. Moraes; E.T. Paes. Artisanal fisheries production in the coastal zone of Itaipu, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil (PDF). Brazilian Journal of Oceanography. 2007, 55 (3): 187–197 [22 May 2009]. doi:10.1590/s1679-87592007000300003. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2015-09-24）.

[11] Morris, J.G.; P. Lewin; C.W. Smith; P.A. Blake; R. Schneider. Ciguatera Fish Poisoning – Epidemiology of the Disease on St. Thomas, United States Virgin Islands. American Journal of Tropical Health and Medicine. 1982, 31 (3): 574–578. ISSN 0002-9637.

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