古马其顿人

此条目介绍的是历史上马其顿王国的古希腊族群。关于作为北马其顿主体民族的斯拉夫族群，请见“马其顿人”。关于希腊马其顿地区的族群，请见“马其顿人 (希腊人)”。关于其他含义，请见“马其顿人 (消歧义)”。

马其顿人 Μακεδόνες
猎鹿镶嵌画，公元前4世纪
语言
古马其顿语，之后为阿提卡希腊语，再之后为通用希腊语
宗教信仰
古希腊宗教

古马其顿人，即古代的马其顿人（希腊语：Μακεδόνες，罗马化：Makedónes），是历史上居住在希腊大陆东北部阿利阿克蒙河和阿克西奥斯河下游周围冲积平原上的一个族群，本质上古马其顿人是古希腊人的一支。他们从位于阿利阿克蒙河谷的家乡逐渐向外扩展，吸收或驱逐邻近的非希腊部落（主要是色雷斯人和伊利里亚人）。他们讲古马其顿语，学者们通常将其归类为西北多利亚希腊语的一种方言，有时也将其归类为希腊语的一种独特的姊妹语言或是爱奥利亚希腊语方言。古典希腊时期，该地区的通用语为阿提卡希腊语，之后的希腊化时代被通用希腊语所取代。与其他希腊人一样，马其顿人信奉希腊诸神，不过马其顿人仍沿袭在希腊其他地区已消失的古风时期丧葬习俗。

参考文献

书目

• Adams, Winthrop Lindsay. Alexander's Successors to 221 BC. Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (编). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. 2010: 208–224. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2. 
• Aldrete, Gregory S.; Bartell, Scott; Aldrete, Alicia. Reconstructing Ancient Linen Body Armor: Unraveling the Linothorax Mystery. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2013. ISBN 978-1-4214-0819-4. 
• Anson, Edward M. Why Study Ancient Macedonia and What This Companion is About. Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (编). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. 2010: 3–20. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2. 
• Archibald, Zosia. Macedonia and Thrace. Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (编). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. 2010: 326–341. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2. 
• Ashley, J.R. The Macedonian Empire: The Era of Warfare Under Philip II and Alexander the Great, 359–323 B.C.. McFarland. 2004. ISBN 0786419180. 
• Asirvatham, Sulochana R. Perspectives on the Macedonians from Greece, Rome, and Beyond. Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (编). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. 2010: 99–124. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2. 
• Badian, Ernst. Greeks and Macedonians. Studies in the History of Art. SYMPOSIUM SERIES I (National Gallery of Art). 1982, 10: 33–51. JSTOR 42617918. 
• Badian, Ernst; Wallace, Robert W.; Harris, Edward Monroe. Transitions to Empire: Essays in Greco-Roman History, 360-146 B.C. in Honor of E. Badian. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 1996. ISBN 0-8061-2863-1. 
• Barr-Sharrar, Beryl; Borza, Eugene N. Macedonia and Greece in Late Classical and Early Hellenistic Times. National Gallery of Art. 1982. ISBN 0-89468-005-6. 
• Beekes, Robert S. P. Etymological Dictionary of Greek. Brill. 2009. ISBN 978-90-04-32186-1. 
• Best, Jan; de Vries, Nanny. Thracians and Mycenaeans: Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of Thracology, Rotterdam, 24-26 September 1984. Leiden, The Netherlands: E.J. Brill. 1989. ISBN 90-04-08864-4. 
• Boardman, John. The Cambridge Ancient History - Volume 3, Part 1: The Prehistory of the Balkans and the Middle East and the Aegean World, Tenth to Eighth Centuries B.C.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 1982. ISBN 0-521-22496-9. 
• Borza, Eugene N. Athenians, Macedonians and the Origins of the Macedonian Royal House. Studies in Attic Epigraphy, History and Topography. 1982, 19. 
• Borza, Eugene N. In the Shadow of Olympus: The Emergence of Macedon. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1992. ISBN 0-691-00880-9. 
• Borza, Eugene N. Makedonika. Claremont, CA: Regina Books. 1995. ISBN 978-0-941690-64-5. 
• Borza, Eugene N. Before Alexander: Constructing Early Macedonia. Claremont, CA: Regina Books. 1999. ISBN 0-941690-96-2. 
• Bringmann, Klaus. A History of the Roman Republic. 由Smyth, W. J.翻译. Cambridge & Malden: Polity Press. 2007 [2002]. ISBN 978-0-7456-3371-8. 
• Brock, Roger; Hodkinson, Stephen. Alternatives to Athens: Varieties of Political Organization and Community in Ancient Greece. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 2000. ISBN 0-19-815220-5. 
• Bryant, Joseph M. Moral Codes and Social Structure in Ancient Greece: A Sociology of Greek Ethics from Homer to the Epicureans and Stoics. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. 1996. ISBN 0-7914-3042-1. 
• Butler, Margaret Erwin. Of Swords and Strigils: Social Change in Ancient Macedon. Stanford, CA: Stanford University. 2008. 
• Cartledge, Paul. Ancient Greece: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2011. ISBN 978-0-19-960134-9. 
• Cawkwell, George. Philip of Macedon. London, UK: Faber & Faber. 1978. ISBN 0-571-10958-6. 
• Chamoux, François. Hellenistic Civilization. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing. 2002. ISBN 0-631-22241-3. 
• Champion, Craige B. Cultural Politics in Polybius's Histories. University of California Press. 2004. ISBN 0-520-23764-1. 
• Christesen, Paul; Murray, Sarah C. Macedonian Religion. Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (编). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. 2010: 428–445. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2. 
• Christidēs, Anastasios-Phoivos; Arapopoulou, Maria; Chritē, Maria. A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-521-83307-3. 
• Chroust, Anton-Hermann. Aristotle: New Light on His Life and on Some of His Lost Works, Volume 1: Some Novel Interpretations of the Man and His Life. London & New York: Routledge. 2016 [1977]. ISBN 978-1-138-93706-2. 
• Cohen, Ada. Art in the Era of Alexander the Great: Paradigms of Manhood and Their Cultural Traditions. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0-521-76904-4. 
• Cook, Stanley Arthur; Adcock, Frank E.; Charlesworth, Martin Percival (编). The Cambridge Ancient History: The Hellenistic Monarchies and the Rise of Rome VII. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 1928. ISBN 9780521233477. 
• Dalby, Andrew. Siren Feasts: a History of Food and Gastronomy in Greece. London & New York: Routledge. 1997 [1996]. ISBN 0-415-15657-2. 
• Danforth, Loring M. The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1997. ISBN 0-691-04356-6. 
• Daskalakis, A. The Hellenism of Ancient Macedonia. Hidryma Meletōn Chersonēsou Tou Haimou (Thessaloniki: Institute for Balkan Studies). 1965, 74. 
• Eckstein, Arthur M. Macedonia and Rome, 221–146 BC. Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (编). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. 2010: 225–250. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2. 
• Engels, Johannes. Macedonians and Greeks. Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (编). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. 2010: 81–98. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2. 
• Errington, Robert Malcolm. A History of Macedonia. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. 1990. ISBN 0-520-06319-8. 
• Fine, John Van Antwerp. The Ancient Greeks: A Critical History. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 1983. ISBN 0-674-03314-0. 
• Finkelberg, Margalit. Greeks and Pre-Greeks: Aegean Prehistory and Greek Heroic Tradition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2005. ISBN 0-521-85216-1. 
• Fisher, Nicholas Ralph Edmund; Wees, Hans van (编). Archaic Greece: New Approaches and New Evidence. London, UK: Duckworth. 1998. ISBN 0-7156-2809-7. 
• Gagarin, Michael (编). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome 1. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0-19-517072-6. 
• Garrett, Andrew. A New Model of Indo-European Subgrouping and Dispersal (PDF). Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society. 1999, 25: 146–156. doi:10.3765/bls.v25i1.1180 . 
• Georgiev, Vladimir Ivanov. Introduction to the History of the Indo-European Languages. Sofia, Bulgaria: Publishing House of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. 1981. ISBN 9789535172611. 
• Graninger, Denver. Macedonia and Thessaly. Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (编). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. 2010: 306–325. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2. 
• Green, Peter. Alexander of Macedon. University of California Press. 1991. ISBN 978-0-520-27586-7.  含有内容需登入查看的页面 (link)
• Greenwalt, William S. Macedonia, Illyria, and Epirus. Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (编). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. 2010: 279–305. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2. 
• Hall, Jonathan M. Hellenicity: Between Ethnicity and Culture. Chicago, Illinois and London, UK: The University of Chicago Press. 2002. ISBN 0-226-31329-8. 
• Hall, Jonathan M. Ethnic Identity in Greek Antiquity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2000. ISBN 0-521-78999-0. 
• Hamilton, J. R. Alexander the Great. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh Press. 1974 [1973]. ISBN 0-8229-6084-2. 
• Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière. Collected Studies: Further Studies on Various Topics. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Hakkert. 2001. 
• Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière. Studies concerning Epirus and Macedonia before Alexander. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Hakkert. 1993. ISBN 9789025610500. 
• Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière. The Miracle that was Macedonia. New York: St. Martin's Press. 1991. ISBN 0-283-99910-1. 
• Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière. The Macedonian State: Origins, Institutions, and History. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. 1989. ISBN 0-19-814883-6. 
• Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière; Griffith, Guy Thompson. A History of Macedonia: 550-336 B.C. II. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. 1979. ISBN 0-19-814814-3. 
• Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière; Griffith, Guy Thompson. A History of Macedonia: Historical Geography and Prehistory I. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. 1972. ISBN 9780198142942. 
• Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière; Walbank, Frank William. A History of Macedonia: Volume III, 336-167 B.C.. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 1988. ISBN 0-19-814815-1. 
• Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière; Walbank, Frank William. A History of Macedonia: Volume III, 336–167 B.C. reprint. Oxford & New York: Clarendon Press of the Oxford University Press. 2001. 
• Hanson, Victor Davis (编). Makers of Ancient Strategy: From the Persian Wars to the Fall of Rome. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 2012. ISBN 978-0-691-15636-1. 
• Hardiman, Craig I. Classical Art to 221 BC. Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (编). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. 2010: 505–521. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2. 
• Harle, Vilho. Ideas of Social Order in the Ancient World. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 1998. ISBN 978-0-313-30582-5. 
• Hatzopoulos, M. B. Macedonia and Macedonians. Lane Fox, Robin J. (编). Brill's Companion to Ancient Macedon: Studies in the Archaeology and History of Macedon, 650 BC – 300 AD. Leiden: Brill. 2011a: 43–50. ISBN 978-90-04-20650-2. 
• Hatzopoulos, M. B. Macedonians and Other Greeks. Lane Fox, Robin J. (编). Brill's Companion to Ancient Macedon: Studies in the Archaeology and History of Macedon, 650 BC – 300 AD. Leiden: Brill. 2011b: 51–78. ISBN 978-90-04-20650-2. 
• Hatzopoulos, Miltiades. The Speech of the Ancient Macedonians, in the Light of Recent Epigraphic Discoveries. Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposion on Ancient Macedonia. 1999. 
• Head, Duncan. Armies of the Macedonian and Punic Wars: 359 BC to 146 BC reprint. Wargames Research Group Ltd. 2016 [1982]. ISBN 978-1-326-25656-2. 
• Horejs, Barbara. The Phenomenon of Mattpainted Pottery in the Northern Aegean: Introduction, Overview and Theories. Aegeo-Balkan Prehistory. 3 October 2007. （原始内容存档于3 September 2011）. 
• Hornblower, Simon; Matthews, Elaine; Fraser, Peter Marshall. Greek Personal Names: Their Value as Evidence. Published for the British Academy by Oxford University Press. 2000. ISBN 0-19-726216-3. 
• Hornblower, Simon. "2: Greek Identity in the Archaic and Classical Periods". In Zacharia (2008)..
• Isaac, Benjamin H. The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 2004. ISBN 0-691-12598-8. 
• Joint Association of Classical Teachers. The World of Athens: An Introduction to Classical Athenian Culture. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 1984. ISBN 0-521-27389-7. 
• Jones, Archer. The Art of War in the Western World. Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. 2001. ISBN 0-252-06966-8. 
• Jones, Prudence J. Cleopatra: a sourcebook. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. 2006. ISBN 9780806137414. 
• Iordanidis, A.; Garcia-Guinea, J.; Karamitrou-Mentessidi, Georgia. Characterisation of Mycenaean and Matt-Painted Pottery from Aiani, Ancient Upper Macedonia, Greece. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece (Athens, Greece: Proceedings of the 11th International Congress). May 2007, 40 (4): 1796–1807. doi:10.12681/bgsg.17141 . 
• Karamitrou-Mentessidi, Georgia. The Late Bronze Age in Aiani. Aegeo-Balkan Prehistory. 16 March 2007. （原始内容存档于15 October 2007）. 
• King, Carol J. Macedonian Kingship and Other Political Institutions. Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (编). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. 2010: 373–391. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2. 
• Kinzl, Konrad H. A Companion to the Classical Greek World. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley and Sons Limited. 2010. ISBN 978-1-4443-3412-8. 
• Cosmopoulos, Michael B. Macedonia: An Introduction to Its Political History. Manitoba Studies in Classical Civilization. 1992. ISBN 978-0-9696691-0-4. 
• Kristinsson, Axel. Expansions: Competition and Conquest in Europe since the Bronze Age. Reykjavík, Iceland: ReykjavíkurAkademían. 2010. ISBN 978-9979-9922-1-9. 
• Lemos, Irene S. The Protogeometric Aegean: The Archaeology of the Late Eleventh and Tenth Centuries BC. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 2002. ISBN 0-19-925344-7. 
• MacDowell, Douglas M. Demosthenes the Orator. New York: Oxford University Press. 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-160873-5. 
• Malkin, Irad. The Returns of Odysseus: Colonization and Ethnicity. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. 1998. ISBN 978-0-520-21185-8. 
• Malkin, Irad. Ancient Perceptions of Greek Ethnicity. Center for Hellenic Studies, Trustees for Harvard University. 2001. ISBN 0-674-00662-3. 
• Masson, Olivier; Dubois, Laurent. Onomastica Graeca Selecta. Geneva, Switzerland: Librairie Droz. 2000. ISBN 2-600-00435-1. 
• Masson, Olivier. Oxford Classical Dictionary. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 1996. 
• Müller, Sabine. Philip II. Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (编). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. 2010: 166–185. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2. 
• Nawotka, Krzysztof. Alexander the Great. Newcastle Upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 2010. ISBN 978-1-4438-1743-1. 
• O'Brien, John Maxwell. Alexander the Great: The Invisible Enemy - A Biography. New York, New York and London, UK: Routledge (Taylor & Francis). 1994 [1992]. ISBN 0-415-10617-6. 
• O'Neil, James L. The Ethnic Origins of the Friends of the Antigonid Kings of Macedon. The Classical Quarterly. 2003, 10 (2): 510–522. JSTOR 3556219. doi:10.1093/cq/53.2.510. 
• Olbrycht, Marck Jan. Macedonia and Persia. Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (编). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. 2010: 342–370. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2. 
• Osborne, Robin. Greek History. New York, New York and London, UK: Routledge. 2004. ISBN 0-415-31717-7. 
• Papazoglou, Fanoula. Le Language Macėdoniene Antique. Južnoslovenski Filolog. 2000, 56 (3–4): 771–777. 
• Papazoglou, Fanoula. Sur le Structure Ethnique de l'Ancienne Macedonie. Balcanica. 1977, (8): 65–82. 
• Perlman, Samuel. Philip and Athens. Cambridge, UK: Heffer. 1973. ISBN 0-85270-076-8. 
• Perlman, Paula. City and Sanctuary in Ancient Greece: The Theorodokia in the Peloponnese. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 2000. ISBN 978-3525252185. 
• Piening, H. Mobile UV-VIS Absorption Spectrometry Investigations in the "Alexander-Sarcophagus" in Istanbul. Büyüköztürk, Oral; Ali Taşdemir, Mehmet (编). Nondestructive Testing of Materials and Structures: Proceedings of NDTMS-2011, Istanbul Turkey, May 15–18 2011, Part 1. Heidelberg, New York, & London: RILEM & Springer. 2013: 1179–1186. ISBN 978-94-007-0722-1. 
• Prag, Johnathan R. W.; Quinn, Josephine Crawley. Introduction. Prag, Johnathan R. W.; Quinn, Josephine Crawley (编). The Hellenistic West: Rethinking the Ancient Mediterranean. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press. 2013: 1–13. ISBN 978-1-107-03242-2. 
• Rhodes, P. J. The Literary and Epigraphic Evidence to the Roman Conquest. Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (编). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. 2010: 23–40. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2. 
• Roisman, Joseph. Classical Macedonia to Perdiccas III. Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (编). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. 2010: 145–165. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2. 
• Sakellariou, Michael B. Inhabitants. Michael B. Sakellariou (编). Macedonia: 4000 Years of Greek History and Civilization. Athens: Ekdotike Athenon S.A. 1983: 44–63.  含有内容需登入查看的页面 (link)
• Sakellariou, M. V. Macedonia, 4000 years of Greek History and Civilization. Athens, Greece: Ekdotikè Athenon. 1992. 
• Sansone, David. Ancient Greek Civilization 3rd. Malden, Oxford, Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. 2017. ISBN 978-1-119-09815-7. 
• Sawada, Noriko. Social Customs and Institutions: Aspects of Macedonian Elite Society. Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (编). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. 2010: 392–408. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2. 
• Snodgrass, Anthony M. The Dark Age of Greece: An Archaeological Survey of the Eleventh to the Eighth Centuries BC. New York, New York: Routledge. 2000. ISBN 0-415-93635-7. 
• Sprawski, Slawomir. The Early Temenid Kings to Alexander I. Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (编). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. 2010: 127–144. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2. 
• Starr, Chester G. A History of the Ancient World. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. 1991. ISBN 0-19-506628-6. 
• Theodossiev, Nikola. The Dead with Golden Faces. II Other Evidence and Connections. Oxford Journal of Archaeology. May 2000, 19 (2): 175–209. doi:10.1111/1468-0092.00106. 
• Thomas, Carol G. The Physical Kingdom. Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (编). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. 2010: 65–80. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2. 
• Toynbee, Arnold Joseph. Some Problems of Greek History. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 1969. ISBN 978-0-19-215249-7. 
• Toynbee, Arnold Joseph. The Greeks and Their Heritages. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 1981. ISBN 9780192152565. 
• Trudgill, Peter. Sociolinguistic Variation and Change. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press. 2002. ISBN 0-7486-1515-6. 
• Vanderpool, Eugene. Studies in Attic Epigraphy, History, and Topography. Princeton, NJ: American School of Classical Studies at Athens. 1982. ISBN 0-87661-519-1. 
• Voutiras, Emmanuel. ΔΙΟΝΥΣΟΦΩΝΤΟΣ ΓΑΜΟΙ: Marital Life and Magic in Fourth Century Pella. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: J. C. Gieben. 1998. ISBN 90-5063-407-9. 
• Whitley, James. The Archaeology of Ancient Greece. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-521-62733-7. 
• Wilkes, John J. The Illyrians. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing. 1995. ISBN 0-631-19807-5. 
• Woodard, Roger D. The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2008a. ISBN 978-0-521-68496-5. 
• Woodard, Roger D. Language in Ancient Europe: an Introduction. Woodard, Roger D. (编). The Ancient Languages of Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2010: 1–13 [2008]. ISBN 978-0-521-68495-8. 
• Woodard, Roger D. The Ancient Languages of Europe. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2008b. ISBN 978-0-521-68495-8. 
• Worthington, Ian. Alexander the Great: Man and God. New York, NY: Routledge. 2014a [2004]. ISBN 978-1-317-86644-2. 
• Worthington, Ian. Alexander the Great: A Reader. London, UK: Routledge. 2003. ISBN 978-0-415-29187-3. 
• Worthington, Ian. Philip II of Macedonia. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. 2008. ISBN 978-0-300-12079-0. 
• Worthington, Ian. Alexander the Great: a Reader 2nd. London & New York: Routledge. 2012. ISBN 978-0-415-66742-5. 
• Worthington, Ian. By the Spear: Philip II, Alexander the Great, and the Rise and Fall of the Macedonian Empire. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 2014b. ISBN 978-0-19-992986-3. 
• Zacharia, Katerina. Hellenisms: Culture, Identity, and Ethnicity from Antiquity to Modernity. Hampshire, England: Ashgate Publishing. 2008. ISBN 978-0-7546-6525-0.