运动心像

运动心像是个体排练或模拟给定动作的心理历程。它作为动作的心理练习被广泛用于运动训练、神经康复（英语：Rehabilitation (neuropsychology)）。运动心像也作为认知神经科学和认知心理学的研究派典，用以研究个体在执行动作前，其内隐过程（即无意识）之内容及结构。^[1] ^[2]在一些医学，音乐和运动场合，当与身体排练搭配时，心理排练能够与动作的纯粹身体排练（练习）产生一样的效果。 ^[3]

定义

运动心像可以被定义为“个体在心理上模拟给定动作时的动态状态”。这种现象体验意味着受试者感觉自己正在进行动作。^[4]它对应于运动心理学家所谓的内部心像（或第一人称视角）。^[5]

动作的心理训练

心理训练指的是运用视觉-运动心像来改善运动行为。视觉-运动心像需要在没有伴随身体运动的情况下，使用想象力来模拟动作。心理训练会崭露头角是由于心像对加强运动及外科手术有着相关性。^[6]

体育

心理训练与身体训练相结合，对初学者学习一项运动来说，可能是有益的，但对于希望提高其技能的专业人士则更有帮助。^[7]身体训练会产生需要改进的身体反馈，而心理训练则会形成认知过程，这是身体训练无法轻易复制的。^[8]

医学

外科医生和其他执业医师在进行身体练习的同时，心里也在排练手术过程。这产生的效果与进行身体排练一样，但是成本要低得多。但是，不同于在运动中的使用是为了提高技能，心理训练在医学中被用作一种减轻手术前压力的形式。^[8]

音乐

心理训练也是音乐中使用的一种技术。当专业音乐家离开乐器或受伤而无法进行身体训练时，他们可能会进行心理训练。研究表明，身体训练和心理训练相结合可以提高对一件事情的掌握程度，这和只进行身体训练是一样的。^[9]^[10]这是因为心理训练会促进神经元的生长，而神经元的生长与身体训练的生长是一致的。先例：弗拉基米尔·霍洛维茨（Vladimir Horowitz）和阿图尔·鲁宾斯坦（Arthur Rubinstein）等人透过心理训练来辅助他们的身体训练。^[11]

运动障碍

心理训练已被用来修复各种神经障碍的运动缺陷。^[12]动作的心理练习似乎可以改善多发性硬化症患者和老年妇女的平衡。^[13]例如，在亚急性脑卒中患者中，心理训练已成功地与身体训练相结合来修复运动缺陷。^[14]一些研究还表明，在慢性中风中，上肢和下肢的力量、功能和使用都有改善。

参见

参考

^ Decety, J. & Ingvar, D. H. Brain structures participating in mental simulation of motor behavior: A neuropsychological interpretation. Acta Psychologica. 1990, 73 (1): 13–34. PMID 2180254. doi:10.1016/0001-6918(90)90056-L.
^ Decety, J. & Stevens, J. K.D. Markman , 编. The Handbook of Imagination and Mental Simulation. New York: Psychology Press. 2009. ISBN 9781841698878.
^ Kappes, Heather Barry; Morewedge, Carey K. Mental Simulation as Substitute for Experience. Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 2016-07-01, 10 (7): 405–420. ISSN 1751-9004. doi:10.1111/spc3.12257 （英语）.
^ Decety, J. Do imagined and executed actions share the same neural substrate?. Cognitive Brain Research. 1996, 3 (2): 87–93. PMID 8713549. doi:10.1016/0926-6410(95)00033-X.
^ Mahoney, M..J. & Avener, M. Psychology of the elite athlete. Cognitive Therapy Research. 1987, 1 (2): 135–141. doi:10.1007/BF01173634.
^ Kappes, Heather Barry; Morewedge, Carey K. Mental Simulation as Substitute for Experience. Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 2016-07-01, 10 (7): 405–420. ISSN 1751-9004. doi:10.1111/spc3.12257 （英语）.
^ Frank, Cornelia; Land, William M.; Popp, Carmen; Schack, Thomas. Mental Representation and Mental Practice: Experimental Investigation on the Functional Links between Motor Memory and Motor Imagery. PLOS ONE. 2014-04-17, 9 (4): e95175. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3990621 . PMID 24743576. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095175.
^ ^8.0 ^8.1 Cocks, Margaret; et al. What surgeons can learn from athletes: mental practice in sports and surgery. Journal of Surgical Education. 2014, 71 (2): 262–9. PMID 24602719. doi:10.1016/j.jsurg.2013.07.002.
^ Bernardi, Nicolò Francesco; Schories, Alexander; Jabusch, Hans-Christian; Colombo, Barbara; Altenmüller, Eckart. Mental Practice in Music Memorization: An Ecological-Empirical Study (PDF). Music Perception. 2013, 30 (3): 275–287 [2019-10-13]. doi:10.1525/mp.2012.30.3.275. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2022-01-21）.
^ Pascual-Leone, Alvaro; Dang, Nguyet; Cohen, Leonardo G.; Brasil-Neto, Joaquim P.; Cammarota, Angel; Hallett, Mark. Modulation of Muscle Response Evoked by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation During the Acquisition of New Fine Motor Skills (PDF). Journal of Neurophysiology. September 1995, 74 (3): 1037–1043 [2019-10-13]. PMID 7500130. doi:10.1152/jn.1995.74.3.1037. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2022-01-21）.
^ Pascual-Leone, Alvaro. The Brain That Plays Music and Is Changed by It. The Biological Foundations of Music. June 2001, 930: 315–329. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05741.x.
^ Jackson, P.L.; Lafleur, M.; Malouin, F.; Richards, C. & Doyon, J. Potential role of mental practice using motor imagery in neurologic rehabilitation. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2001, 82 (8): 1133–41. PMID 11494195. doi:10.1053/apmr.2001.24286.
^ Fansler, C. L.; Poff, C. L. & Shepard, K. F. Effects of mental practice on balance in elderly women. Physical Therapy. 1985, 65 (9): 1332–8. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1024.7951 . PMID 4034667. doi:10.1093/ptj/65.9.1332.
^ Page, S. J.; Levine, P.; Sisto, S. A. & Johnston, M. V. Mental practice combined with physical practice for upper-limb motor deficit in subacute stroke. Physical Therapy. 2001, 81 (8): 1455–62. PMID 11509075. doi:10.1093/ptj/81.8.1455 .

[1] Decety, J. & Ingvar, D. H. Brain structures participating in mental simulation of motor behavior: A neuropsychological interpretation. Acta Psychologica. 1990, 73 (1): 13–34. PMID 2180254. doi:10.1016/0001-6918(90)90056-L.

[2] Decety, J. & Stevens, J. K.D. Markman , 编. The Handbook of Imagination and Mental Simulation. New York: Psychology Press. 2009. ISBN 9781841698878.

[:0-3] Kappes, Heather Barry; Morewedge, Carey K. Mental Simulation as Substitute for Experience. Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 2016-07-01, 10 (7): 405–420. ISSN 1751-9004. doi:10.1111/spc3.12257 （英语）.

[4] Decety, J. Do imagined and executed actions share the same neural substrate?. Cognitive Brain Research. 1996, 3 (2): 87–93. PMID 8713549. doi:10.1016/0926-6410(95)00033-X.

[5] Mahoney, M..J. & Avener, M. Psychology of the elite athlete. Cognitive Therapy Research. 1987, 1 (2): 135–141. doi:10.1007/BF01173634.

[:02-6] Kappes, Heather Barry; Morewedge, Carey K. Mental Simulation as Substitute for Experience. Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 2016-07-01, 10 (7): 405–420. ISSN 1751-9004. doi:10.1111/spc3.12257 （英语）.

[7] Frank, Cornelia; Land, William M.; Popp, Carmen; Schack, Thomas. Mental Representation and Mental Practice: Experimental Investigation on the Functional Links between Motor Memory and Motor Imagery. PLOS ONE. 2014-04-17, 9 (4): e95175. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3990621 . PMID 24743576. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095175.

[:1-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Cocks, Margaret; et al. What surgeons can learn from athletes: mental practice in sports and surgery. Journal of Surgical Education. 2014, 71 (2): 262–9. PMID 24602719. doi:10.1016/j.jsurg.2013.07.002.

[9] Bernardi, Nicolò Francesco; Schories, Alexander; Jabusch, Hans-Christian; Colombo, Barbara; Altenmüller, Eckart. Mental Practice in Music Memorization: An Ecological-Empirical Study (PDF). Music Perception. 2013, 30 (3): 275–287 [2019-10-13]. doi:10.1525/mp.2012.30.3.275. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2022-01-21）.

[10] Pascual-Leone, Alvaro; Dang, Nguyet; Cohen, Leonardo G.; Brasil-Neto, Joaquim P.; Cammarota, Angel; Hallett, Mark. Modulation of Muscle Response Evoked by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation During the Acquisition of New Fine Motor Skills (PDF). Journal of Neurophysiology. September 1995, 74 (3): 1037–1043 [2019-10-13]. PMID 7500130. doi:10.1152/jn.1995.74.3.1037. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2022-01-21）.

[11] Pascual-Leone, Alvaro. The Brain That Plays Music and Is Changed by It. The Biological Foundations of Music. June 2001, 930: 315–329. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05741.x.

[Jackson-12] Jackson, P.L.; Lafleur, M.; Malouin, F.; Richards, C. & Doyon, J. Potential role of mental practice using motor imagery in neurologic rehabilitation. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2001, 82 (8): 1133–41. PMID 11494195. doi:10.1053/apmr.2001.24286.

[13] Fansler, C. L.; Poff, C. L. & Shepard, K. F. Effects of mental practice on balance in elderly women. Physical Therapy. 1985, 65 (9): 1332–8. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1024.7951 . PMID 4034667. doi:10.1093/ptj/65.9.1332.

[14] Page, S. J.; Levine, P.; Sisto, S. A. & Johnston, M. V. Mental practice combined with physical practice for upper-limb motor deficit in subacute stroke. Physical Therapy. 2001, 81 (8): 1455–62. PMID 11509075. doi:10.1093/ptj/81.8.1455 .

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