跳转到内容

草稿:纯种美国人

维基百科，自由的百科全书
美国政府在2000年调查的《美国人自我认同表》，其中位于美国东部偏南的、白黄色的狭长带就是纯种美国人的聚集地：
德裔美国人 英裔美国人 挪威裔美国人 荷兰裔美国人 芬兰裔美国人 爱尔兰裔美国人 法裔美国人 意大利裔美国人
墨西哥裔美国人 美洲原住民 西班牙裔美国人 纯种美国人 非裔美国人 波多黎各裔美国人

纯种美国人（英语：American ancestry），又译美国血统，指的是一种美国人的自我认同，他们可以否定自己祖先的血统，坚定相信自己只是美国人[1][2]有这种自我认同的人大多数是美国白人，他们不再承认自己的欧洲祖先[3][4]。

纯种美国人和欧洲人的的血缘虽然没有太多差距，但他们在美国生活时冲突就一代代的弱化了，自认为是纯种美国人的人基本都是英格兰人、苏格兰人、爱尔兰人和威尔士人，或者其他英国血统[5][6][7]。

人口学家观察到，自称为纯种美国人在《人口普查》中经常被低估[8][9][10][11]。尽管美国人口普查数据表明“美国血统”最常在南方腹地、南部高地和阿巴拉契亚地区的白人身上出现[12][13]。但在2020年代后，更多的非白人美国人将也开始自称是纯种美国人，以表示对美利坚合众国的忠诚[14][15]。

词源

[编辑]

纯种美国人，或者美国血统的英文原文是“American ancestry”最早可以追溯到在1500年代，原本的意思是“与欧洲人的生活习惯明显不同的，居住在西半球的原住民”[16]。在接下来的一个世纪，“纯种美国人”的意思开始扩展为欧洲殖民者在美洲繁衍的后代[17]。

根据《牛津英语字典》的定义，纯种美国人可以指“在美国本土出生的公民[18]。”

历史来源

[编辑]
一部名为《Puck》的漫画，于1899年8月9日由J.S.Pughe创作。代表美国的山姆大叔看到许多美国选民还保留着自己移民母国的文化，不愿做纯正的美国人，于是问道“为什么要让这些只有一半的美国人投票？”
一无所知党的旗帜，于1850年绘制。

西奥多·罗斯福总统相信“在美国的版图内已经形成了一个纯粹的美国人种族，它与盎格鲁撒克逊人这样的英国白人种族截然不同[19]:78,131”，同时罗斯福也自信的预言“美国白人对美洲原住民的征服是必要的[20]:78。我们的的国家——美国正在创造一批全新的种族，正在融合为一个新的民族意识[21][22][23][24][25][26]。”

艾瑞克‧考夫曼教授认为，美国本土主义在以前主要由“心理”和“经济”这两个角度来解释，但是在“文化”和“民族”上也同样对这个主义的诞生有作用。考夫曼认为，如果不考虑“在19世纪的移民潮之前，美国人的爱国认同就已经出现”的事实，就无法真正理解美国本土主义为何[27]。

“本土主义”得名于1840～1850 年代的“美国原住民”政党[28][29]。在当时，“原住民”一词已经不止指代美洲印第安人了，也可以指原始十三州殖民地居民的后裔[30][31][32]。这些“老美国人”主要是来自英国的新教徒移民，视“从天主教国家来的移民”为“对美国供共和制度”的威胁，因为天主教徒可能更忠于位于梵蒂冈的教皇[33][34]。这种形式的美国民族主义通常和“排外心理”和“反天主教情绪”连接在一起[35]。

从1830～1850年代，美国东北部爆发的美国本土主义的思潮，有效遏制了天主教移民的激增[36]。美国机械协会是在1844年的费城本土主义骚乱之后创立的，属于“兄弟会”一样的黑道组织[37]。纽约市则是当时的反爱尔兰、反德国、反天主教的中心城市，其中最积极的社团是成立于1848年的“星条旗勋章”，它属于秘密结社[38]。更为流行的、公开的本土主义运动包括1850年代的一无所知党、美国党和1890年代的移民限制联盟[39]。

在美国内战前，即1830～1860 年间，美国政府基于“道德恐慌”的理由而限制住了美国主义的蔓延[40]。美国本土主义最终还是影响了美国国会[41]，1924年，美国国会通过了《限制南欧和东欧国家移民法》，同时提出了各种正式和非正式的反亚裔规定，例如1882年的《排华法案》和1907年的《君子协定》[42][43]。

关联条目

[编辑]

引用资料

[编辑]

注释

[编辑]
  1. ^ Ancestry: 2000 2004，第3页
  2. ^ Jan Harold Brunvand. American Folklore: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. 2006: 54. ISBN 978-1-135-57878-7. 
  3. ^ Kazimierz J. Zaniewski; Carol J. Rosen. The Atlas of Ethnic Diversity in Wisconsin. Univ. of Wisconsin Press. 1998: 65–69. ISBN 978-0-299-16070-8. 
  4. ^ Liz O'Connor, Gus Lubin and Dina Specto. The Largest Ancestry Groups in the United States - Business Insider. 2013 [April 10, 2017]. 
  5. ^ Jack Citrin; David O. Sears. American Identity and the Politics of Multiculturalism. Cambridge University Press. 2014: 153–159. ISBN 978-0-521-82883-3. 
  6. ^ Jan Harold Brunvand. American Folklore: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. 2006: 54. ISBN 978-1-135-57878-7. 
  7. ^ Perez AD, Hirschman C. "The Changing Racial and Ethnic Composition of the US Population: Emerging American Identities". Population and Development Review. 2009;35(1):1-51. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2009.00260.x.
  8. ^ Jack Citrin; David O. Sears. American Identity and the Politics of Multiculturalism. Cambridge University Press. 2014: 153–159. ISBN 978-0-521-82883-3. 
  9. ^ Garrick Bailey; James Peoples. Essentials of Cultural Anthropology. Cengage Learning. 2013: 215. ISBN 978-1-285-41555-0. 
  10. ^ Dominic Pulera. Sharing the Dream: White Males in Multicultural America. A&C Black. 2004: 57–60. ISBN 978-0-8264-1643-8. 
  11. ^ Elliott Robert Barkan. Immigrants in American History: Arrival, Adaptation, and Integration. ABC-CLIO. 2013: 791–. ISBN 978-1-59884-219-7. 
  12. ^ Ancestry: 2000 2004，第6页
  13. ^ Celeste Ray. The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture: Volume 6: Ethnicity. University of North Carolina Press. February 1, 2014: 19–. ISBN 978-1-4696-1658-2. 
  14. ^ Petersen, William; Novak, Michael; Gleason, Philip. Concepts of Ethnicity. Harvard University Press. 1982: 62. ISBN 9780674157262. To be or to become an American, a person did not have to be of any particular national, linguistic, religious, or ethnic background. All he had to do was to commit himself to the political ideology centered on the abstract ideals of liberty, equality, and republicanism. Thus the universalist ideological character of American nationality meant that it was open to anyone who willed to become an American. 
  15. ^ Perez AD, Hirschman C. "The Changing Racial and Ethnic Composition of the US Population: Emerging American Identities". Population and Development Review. 2009;35(1):1-51. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2009.00260.x.
  16. ^ American, n. and adj. (PDF). Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 
  17. ^ American, n. and adj. (PDF). Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 
  18. ^ American, n. and adj. (PDF). Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 
  19. ^ Thomas G. Dyer. Theodore Roosevelt and the Idea of Race. LSU Press. 1992. ISBN 978-0-8071-1808-5. 
  20. ^ Thomas G. Dyer. Theodore Roosevelt and the Idea of Race. LSU Press. 1992. ISBN 978-0-8071-1808-5. 
  21. ^ Thomas G. Dyer. Theodore Roosevelt and the Idea of Race. LSU Press. 1992. ISBN 978-0-8071-1808-5. 
  22. ^ Reginald Horsman. Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism. Harvard University Press. 2009: 302–304. ISBN 978-0-674-03877-6. 
  23. ^ John Higham. Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860-1925需要免费注册. Rutgers University Press. 2002: 133–136. ISBN 978-0-8135-3123-6. 
  24. ^ Kaufmann, E. P. American Exceptionalism Reconsidered: Anglo-Saxon Ethnogenesis in the "Universal" Nation, 1776–1850 (PDF). Journal of American Studies. 1999, 33 (3): 437–57. JSTOR 27556685. S2CID 145140497. doi:10.1017/S0021875899006180. In the case of the United States, the national ethnic group was Anglo-American Protestant ("American"). This was the first European group to "imagine" the territory of the United States as its homeland and trace its genealogy back to New World colonists who rebelled against their mother country. In its mind, the American nation-state, its land, its history, its mission and its Anglo-American people were woven into one great tapestry of the imagination. This social construction considered the United States to be founded by the "Americans", who thereby had title to the land and the mandate to mould the nation (and any immigrants who might enter it) in their own Anglo-Saxon, Protestant self-image. 
  25. ^ Tyler Anbinder; Tyler Gregory Anbinder. Nativism and Slavery: The Northern Know Nothings and the Politics of the 1850s. Oxford University Press. 1992: 107. ISBN 978-0-19-507233-4. 
  26. ^ Debo, A. The American H.D.. University of Iowa Press. 2012: 174 [August 26, 2023]. ISBN 978-1-60938-093-9.  |issue=被忽略 (帮助)
  27. ^ Kaufmann, E. P. American Exceptionalism Reconsidered: Anglo-Saxon Ethnogenesis in the "Universal" Nation, 1776–1850 (PDF). Journal of American Studies. 1999, 33 (3): 437–57. JSTOR 27556685. S2CID 145140497. doi:10.1017/S0021875899006180. In the case of the United States, the national ethnic group was Anglo-American Protestant ("American"). This was the first European group to "imagine" the territory of the United States as its homeland and trace its genealogy back to New World colonists who rebelled against their mother country. In its mind, the American nation-state, its land, its history, its mission and its Anglo-American people were woven into one great tapestry of the imagination. This social construction considered the United States to be founded by the "Americans", who thereby had title to the land and the mandate to mould the nation (and any immigrants who might enter it) in their own Anglo-Saxon, Protestant self-image. 
  28. ^ David M. Kennedy; Lizabeth Cohen; Mel Piehl. The Brief American Pageant: A History of the Republic. Cengage Learning. 2017: 218–220. ISBN 978-1-285-19329-8. 
  29. ^ Ralph Young. Dissent: The History of an American Idea. NYU Press. 2015: 268–270. ISBN 978-1-4798-1452-7. 
  30. ^ Katie Oxx. The Nativist Movement in America: Religious Conflict in the 19th Century. Routledge. 2013: 88. ISBN 978-1-136-17603-6. 
  31. ^ Russell Andrew Kazal. Becoming Old Stock: The Paradox of German-American Identity. Princeton University Press. 2004: 122. ISBN 0-691-05015-5. 
  32. ^ Kaufmann, E. P. American Exceptionalism Reconsidered: Anglo-Saxon Ethnogenesis in the "Universal" Nation, 1776–1850 (PDF). Journal of American Studies. 1999, 33 (3): 437–57. JSTOR 27556685. S2CID 145140497. doi:10.1017/S0021875899006180. In the case of the United States, the national ethnic group was Anglo-American Protestant ("American"). This was the first European group to "imagine" the territory of the United States as its homeland and trace its genealogy back to New World colonists who rebelled against their mother country. In its mind, the American nation-state, its land, its history, its mission and its Anglo-American people were woven into one great tapestry of the imagination. This social construction considered the United States to be founded by the "Americans", who thereby had title to the land and the mandate to mould the nation (and any immigrants who might enter it) in their own Anglo-Saxon, Protestant self-image. 
  33. ^ Mary Ellen Snodgrass. The Civil War Era and Reconstruction: An Encyclopedia of Social, Political, Cultural and Economic History. Routledge. 2015: 130. ISBN 978-1-317-45791-6. The upsurge of the faithful fueled bigotry among Americans who demonized cities and discounted foreigners, especially Catholics and Jews, as true citizens. Old stock American nativists feared that "papists"... 
  34. ^ Andrew Robertson. Encyclopedia of U.S. Political History. SAGE. 2010: aa266. ISBN 978-0-87289-320-7. 
  35. ^ Higham, J. Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860-1925. ACLS Humanities E-Book. Rutgers University Press. 2002: 181 [2023-04-29]. ISBN 978-0-8135-3123-6. 
  36. ^ Larry Ceplair. Anti-communism in Twentieth-century America: A Critical History. ABC-CLIO. 2011: 11. ISBN 978-1-4408-0047-4. 
  37. ^ Katie Oxx. The Nativist Movement in America: Religious Conflict in the 19th Century. Routledge. 2013: 87. ISBN 978-1-136-17603-6. 
  38. ^ Tyler Anbinder. Nativism and Slavery: The Northern Know Nothings and the Politics of the 1850s. Oxford University Press. 1992: 20. ISBN 978-0-19-508922-6. 
  39. ^ Tyler Anbinder. Nativism and Slavery: The Northern Know Nothings and the Politics of the 1850s. Oxford University Press. 1992: 59 (note 18). ISBN 978-0-19-508922-6. 
  40. ^ van Elteren, M. Americanism and Americanization: A Critical History of Domestic and Global Influence. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. 2006: 52 [2023-04-29]. ISBN 978-0-7864-2785-7. 
  41. ^ Tyler Anbinder. Nativism and Slavery: The Northern Know Nothings and the Politics of the 1850's. Oxford University Press. 1992: 272. ISBN 978-0-19-508922-6. 
  42. ^ Greg Robinson. A Tragedy of Democracy: Japanese Confinement in North America需要免费注册. Columbia University Press. 2009: 22. ISBN 978-0-231-52012-6. 
  43. ^ Michael Green; Scott L. Stabler Ph.D. Ideas and Movements that Shaped America: From the Bill of Rights to "Occupy Wall Street". ABC-CLIO. 2015: 714. ISBN 978-1-61069-252-6. 

参考书目

[编辑]
检索自“https://wiki.zwnes.eu.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:純種美國人&oldid=80985472”