蓋洛普最敬佩的人民意調查
蓋洛普1946年起每年面向美國民眾開展最敬佩的人民意調查[1],在不預先提示的情況下請受訪者說出最敬佩男女姓名,只要求人物仍然在世[2][3],結果取前十名公布。在任美國總統登頂最敬佩男子次數最多,最敬佩女子以第一夫人最為常見[4]。
72年來,在任美國總統58次入選最敬佩男子[1],其中德懷特·艾森豪與巴拉克·歐巴馬均以12次居首[5]。福音派傳教士葛培理一生61次進入前十,為進入前十次數最多的男性,其中八次位居第二[6]。其他經常入選前十的如隆納·雷根31次,吉米·卡特28次、教宗若望保祿二世27次[7]。1977年起,在任教宗每年都入選前十[7]。評論認為此項民調一定程度上相當於名氣檢驗[8]。榜首人選通常可以預料,學者發現前十位其他人選往往只是有名而不見得是好名聲。例如堅決主張種族隔離的阿肯色州州長奧瓦爾·富比士1958年在小岩城事件後上榜。[9]
前第一夫人伊莉諾·羅斯福和希拉蕊·柯林頓登頂最敬佩女子次數最多[3]。羅斯福13次名列榜首,她20世紀40年代後期到50年代擔任美國駐聯合國大使兼聯合國人權委員會主席,協助發布《世界人權宣言》,世人普遍將她譽為「世界第一夫人」[10]。柯林頓是1993至2001年的第一夫人、曾任美國國務卿、紐約州聯邦參議員[11],2016年大選期間成為美國史上首位女總統候選人[12]。1993至2017年,柯林頓在25年間22次名列榜首,直到2018年米歇爾·歐巴馬取而代之[6]。英國女王伊莉莎白二世亮相前十達52次,比其他人選都多[6][5]。歐普拉·溫芙蕾33次入選前十但從未登頂[5],其中14次排第二[6]。
加爾各答德蕾莎修女與羅莎琳·卡特1980年並列排在最敬佩女子首位,巴拉克·歐巴馬與唐納·川普2019年一起登上最敬佩男子榜首[13]。1946至1947年民調提問是「最敬佩的人」,1967年沒有詢問「最敬佩的女子」[5]。1976和2021年沒有開展民調。部分受訪者的回答不是公眾人物,而是朋友或親戚[14]。
名單
[編輯]注釋
[編輯]參考資料
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