美國總統外號列表
外觀
美國總統往往會有一兩個外號[1],該列表收錄了歷代美國總統於在任期間或卸任後不久得到的常用外號。
- 美國的辛辛納圖斯(The American Cincinnatus)[2][2]:與辛辛納圖斯一樣,華盛頓也打贏過一場戰爭,也同樣在之後沒有追求權力與財富,選擇了成為一名普通公民。華盛頓也是由獨立戰爭軍官們所建的辛辛那提協會(Society of Cincinnati)的首任總統主席,該協會的所有成員都「婉拒了權力與地位,回家務農」。[3]
- 美國的費邊(The American Fabius):華盛頓曾在美國獨立戰爭期間使用過費邊戰術。[4]
- 國父(The Father of His Country)[5]
- 獨立之巨人(The Colossus of Independence):亞當斯曾領導了1776年的第二次大陸會議[6][7][8]。
- 老沉浮(Old Sink or Swim):亞當斯曾在一次演說中立誓「無論沉浮、生死、存亡,從此日起,我都會一直支持我的國家」[9]
- 胖閣下(His Rotundity):亞當斯體態肥碩[10]。
- 民主使徒(The Apostle of Democracy)[11]
- 人民之人(The Man of the People)[12]
- 蒙蒂塞洛智者(The Sage of Monticello)[13]
- 小傑米(Little Jemmy)或小陛下(His Little Majesty):麥迪遜身高只有5英尺4英寸(163厘米),是歷史上至今身高最矮的美國總統[14][15]。
- 憲法之父(Father of the Constitution)[16][17]
- 感覺良好時代的總統(The Era of Good Feelings President)[18]:1812年戰爭過後的一段時期,美國政治分歧較少,少到了執政黨民主共和黨的唯一政敵聯邦黨都已退出競爭的程度。直到安德魯·傑克遜的反對者們組建了美國輝格黨後,美國政壇才再度出現了黨爭。[18]
- 老雄辯家(Old Man Eloquent)或廢奴者(The Abolitionist):亞當斯總是如例行公事一般違反國會規章,提起蓄奴制度議題,後來他也參與了美國訴友誼號案。亞當斯是唯一一位在任期結束後又被選舉為眾議院議員的美國總統。亞當斯的外號的出現與流行源於他在任國會議員時期發動的反奴隸制運動以及在美國訴友誼號案中的律師角色[21]。
- 紐奧良英雄(The Hero of New Orleans)[22]:傑克遜曾率軍在紐奧良之戰中取勝。
- 老山核桃樹(Old Hickory):據說傑克遜麾下官兵們因他「跟老山核桃樹一樣強硬」而取此外號。[23]
- 暴民之王[24]
- 安德魯王[25],據說傑克遜曾濫用否決權。
- 公驢(Jackass):傑克遜的反對者用公驢這種動物來貶低他,但傑克遜卻欣然接受了這個外號,公驢就這樣成了民主黨的非官方象徵[26]。
- 美國的德塔列朗(The American Talleyrand)[27]
- 謹慎的荷蘭人((The Careful Dutchman)): [28]范布倫的母語是荷蘭語。
- 萬人迷(The Enchanter)[28]
- 偉大的經理(The Great Manager)[28]
- 大師精神(The Master Spirit)[28]
- 馬丁·范·毀滅(Martin Van Ruin)[28]
- 馬蒂·范(Matty Van):源於《1840年蒂珀卡努歌曲集》(Tippecanoe Songs of 1840) [29]
- 槲寄生政客(The Mistletoe Politician):范布倫的美國輝格黨政敵田納西的Joseph Peyton取的這個外號,後者指責范布倫說「馬丁·范·布倫就是個政治寄生蟲,寄生在一棵老山核桃樹(指安德魯·傑克遜)上,他的高度、生長,不,他的存在,都要依賴一棵老山核桃樹(指安德魯·傑克遜)。 [30]
- 老金德胡克(Old Kinderhook),縮寫為OK:金德胡克是范布倫的故鄉。[31]
- 金德胡克紅狐(Red Fox of Kinderhook):指的是范布倫的頭髮顏色以及故鄉金德胡克。[32]
- 小魔術師(The Little Magician):范布倫在紐約州從政期間得到的外號,既指他的政治事業順利平穩,又指他身材矮小[33][34]。
- 沉默將軍(General Mum):這裡的「mum」的用法跟「keep it mum」(保持安靜)里的「mum」(安靜)的用法一樣,哈里森在競選期間總是對爭議話題避而不談[35]。
- 蒂珀卡努或老蒂珀卡努(Old Tippecanoe)[23]:哈里森曾率軍在1811年蒂珀卡努戰役中取勝;他在1840年總統選舉中將歌曲《Tippecanoe and Tyler Too》定為競選主題曲。
- 西邊的華盛頓(Washington of the West):哈里森指揮的部隊在1811年蒂珀卡努戰役和1813年的泰晤士戰役中都取得了勝利。[23]
- 意外閣下(His Accidency):該外號由泰勒的政敵所起;泰勒是第一位在前任總統(哈里森)死於任上後接替他的職務的美國總統[36]。
- 巡迴演說拿破崙(Napoleon of the Stump):波爾克在競選田納西州立法機構的職位期間體現了他出色的演講能力[37]。
- 小山核桃樹(Young Hickory):波爾克是外號「老山核桃樹」的總統安德魯·傑克遜的門生[38]。
- 花崗岩山上的小山核桃樹(Young Hickory of the Granite Hills)[40]:「小山核桃」指的是皮爾斯在美墨戰爭中的戰功與安德魯·傑克遜的戰功不相上下。「花崗岩山」指的是皮爾斯的故鄉新罕布夏州。
- 英俊的弗蘭克(Handsome Frank)[41]:民眾普遍認為皮爾斯是美國歷史上最「性感」的總統。
- 老公務員(Old Public Functionary)[42]:1859年12月,布坎南本人在國情咨文演說中使用了這個自稱,隨後被報紙採用[43]。
- 老巴克(Old Buck):「巴克」(Buck)可以看成是「布坎南」(Buchanan)的縮寫,是布坎南人生後期的外號[44]。
- 單身漢總統(Bachelor President):布坎南終生未婚。[43]
- 10分錢吉米(Ten-Cent Jimmy):這個外號是個蔑稱,布坎南曾表示一天10分錢是工人的合理薪酬[45]。
- 遠古人(The Ancient One):白宮內部人員很喜歡這個外號,因為他們認為林肯擁有「古人般的智慧」[46]。
- 偉大的解放者(The Great Emancipator)[47]以及解放者(The Liberator)[48]:林肯解放了黑奴。
- 誠實的亞伯(Honest Abe)[49]
- 巨頭(The Tycoon)[50]:林肯在南北戰爭期間既雄心勃勃又精力充沛。
- 亞伯大叔(Uncle Abe)[51]:林肯晚年舉止和善,如同慈愛的叔叔。
- 田納西裁縫(The Tennessee Tailor):詹森在從政前是個裁縫[52]。
- 山姆大叔格蘭特(Uncle Sam Grant):西點軍校的同學們起的外號[53]。
- 無條件投降格蘭特(Unconditional Surrender Grant):這是一個逆向首字母縮略詞外號,1862年的多納爾森要塞之戰中,格蘭特堅決要求對方無條件投降,此役也讓格蘭特成為了人們眼中的英雄。[54]
- 切特(Chet):當時的出版物用「切斯特」(Chester)的縮短形式切特(Chet)來稱呼他。[58]
- 紳士老大(Gentleman Boss):阿瑟在擔當紐約州共和黨領袖時打扮得乾淨利落、衣冠楚楚[58]。
- 阿瑟親王(Prince Arthur)或時髦總統(The Dude President):阿瑟喜愛高檔服裝,沉迷於奢華享受。[59]
- 固執閣下(His Obstinacy):克利夫蘭否決的議案比之前21個總統否決的議案加起來還要多。[60]
- 好人格羅弗(Grover the Good):克利夫蘭的誠實與正直人盡皆知。[61][62]
- 屋前門廊活動家(The Front Porch Campaigner):在1888年總統選舉期間,哈里森一共在印第安納波利斯的住所的房前門廊里向聚集在院子裡的人群發表過近九十次演說;這個外號曾被廣泛錯用在威廉·麥金萊身上[63]。
- 人形冰山(The Human Iceberg):哈里森雖能在公開演講時對聽眾表露熱情,但在和人單獨對話時卻表現得冷漠且令人感覺無法親近[64][65]。
- 小本(Little Ben)[66]:與他同時代的民主黨人給他起的這個外號,因為他身材瘦小;也可能指的是班傑明·哈里森是50年前的總統威廉·亨利·哈里森的孫子。
- 關稅保護拿破崙(The Napoleon of Protection):麥金萊曾制定過相當高的稅率,比如他在1890年就制定了一次高關稅[67]。
- 聖胡安山的英雄(The Hero of San Juan Hill):1898年,羅斯福在聖地牙哥-德古巴戰役中率領美國第一志願騎兵團衝上了聖胡安山。[68]
- 獅子(The Lion)[69]
- 泰迪(Teddy):至少早在1990年時,紐約時報就刊登過這個外號[70],羅斯福本人十分厭煩「泰迪」這個名字。[71]
- TR[72]:羅斯福在通信落款時只寫姓名首字母縮寫;他也是第一位擁有姓名首字母縮寫外號的美國總統[73]。
- 商業信託破壞者(The Trust Buster):羅斯福執政時期率先通過競爭法來限制托拉斯。[74]
- 上校(The Colonel):羅斯福在美西戰爭中的軍階為上校[75]
- 筆桿子(The Phrasemaker):威爾遜也是位廣受好評的歷史學家,他的演說稿根本無需他人代筆[78]。
- 校長(The Schoolmaster)[78]:威爾遜戴眼鏡,學識淵博,能給訪客講解知識。
- 搖擺不定的沃倫(Wobbly Warren)[79]
- 謹慎的卡爾(Cautious Cal)[80]
- 冷靜的卡爾(Cool Cal)[81]:柯立芝的連任選舉口號是「與柯立芝一起保持冷靜」(Keep It Cool With Coolidge)。
- 大工程師(The Great Engineer)、偉大的人道主義者(The Great Humanitarian):胡佛的本行是土木工程,能力突出,1927年密西西比河洪災發生後,被淹農田面積達上千英畝,胡佛參與抗洪。第二個外號有諷刺意味,大蕭條期間,外界認為胡佛對美國人民的困苦置若罔聞,過於冷漠。但是,「偉大的人道主義者」這個外號能追溯至1921年,美國救濟管理局在胡佛的領導下拯救了上百萬俄羅斯饑荒災民的生命。記者沃爾特·李普曼在1922年5月的《紐約世界報》上如此評價胡佛為俄羅斯災民所做的一切:「也許全世界沒有第二個人能做這麼多了」。[84][85]
- 領隊(The Chief):胡佛23歲時曾在澳大利亞內陸地區調查地質,胡佛的這個外號後來被別人叫了一輩子。[86]
- 艾克(Ike)[92]:艾森豪的總統競選口號是「我喜歡艾克」(I like Ike)。
- 大話詹森(Bullshit Johnson)[94],公開場合下省略為「Bull Johnson」:詹森在德克薩斯州立大學讀書時喜歡吹噓。
- 壓倒性勝利詹森(Landslide Johnson)[95]:諷刺性外號,指的是1948年的13號票箱醜聞,當時詹森以87票的優勢當選參議院議員,引發爭議,1964年總統選舉過後,詹森的支持者把這個名字變成了個褒義外號。
- 燈泡林登(Light-Bulb Lyndon)[96]:詹森厭惡浪費電的行為,總是會氣沖沖地在白宮裡到處走動,關掉不必要的電燈。
- LBJ[97][97]:詹森喜歡別人用自己的全名首字母縮寫來稱呼他,他的競選口號也使用了這個外號:「與LBJ勇往直前」(All the way with LBJ);後來,美國反越戰政治口號也用了這個外號:「嗨,嗨,LBJ,今天你又害死了多少孩子?」(Hey,hey,LBJ,how many kids did you kill today?」[94]
- 狡猾的迪克(Tricky Dick):1950年加利福尼亞州聯邦參議員選舉前,一民主黨廣告如此寫道:「請看『狡猾迪克』尼克森的劣跡」(Look at 『Tricky Dick』Nixon’s Republican Record)[98]
- 吉米(Jimmy):卡特是第一位在正式場合使用暱稱的美國總統。
- 花生農民(The Peanut Farmer)[103]:卡特擁有一個花生農場,吉米·卡特在從政時刻意強調這一點,這一形象與傳統的政治精英階層截然不同[104]
- 荷蘭人(Dutch):里根出生後不久,他父親說他長得像個「小胖荷蘭人」(fat little Dutchman);在青年時代,里根又留過小聽差髮型,這是一種荷蘭男孩常留的髮型,這使得人們更喜歡用這個外號稱呼他了[105][105][106][107]。
- 棒棒的對話人(The Great Communicator):里根能言善辯[108][109]。
- The Gipper:里根曾在電影克努特·羅克尼中扮演大學橄欖球運動員喬治·吉佩。喬治·吉佩總用「為了Gipper贏一場」(Win one for the Gipper)這句話來激勵隊友[110]。
- 特富龍總統(The Teflon President)[111]:議員帕特·施洛德所起的外號,因為里根沒有任何負面新聞,他就像塗了聚四氟乙烯塗層的平底鍋一樣沾不上任何負面新聞;在美國民眾看來,里根的形象一直光鮮亮麗[109]。
- 布什老爹(Papa Bush)、布什41(Bush 41)、老布什(Bush Senior)、老爹(Senior)以及類似名字都是在他的兒子喬治·沃克·布什就任第43任總統後出現的,主要是為了區分這兩人[112][113]。
- Poppy:自幼時起便有的外號[114][115]。
- Bubba:美國南部的常見男性暱稱[116]
- 東山再起的小子(The Comeback Kid)[117]:該外號由媒體所起,在經歷了民調低迷後,柯林頓在1992年新罕布夏初選中取得佳績。
- 大人物(The Big Dog):幾家媒體用這個外號來指代在卸任總統後仍受歡迎的柯林頓[118][119]。
- 小布什(Bush Jr.)、兒子(Junior)、布什43(Bush 43)等類似外號都是用來區分他和他父親這兩位總統的[113]。
- Dubya、傻Dubyah(Dumb Dubyah):德克薩斯口音中的「W」發音接近「Dubya」[120][121]。
- 戲不多的歐巴馬(No Drama Obama)[122][123]:2007-08總統競選期間,歐巴馬的競選戰略既謹慎又周密,他自己的一貫舉止也是耐心而又隨和[124][125]。
- 總驅逐家(Deporter in Chief)[126]:在任期間,歐巴馬一共驅逐了逾300萬無證件移民,比之前的任何美國總統都要多[127]。
- 奧觀海:2009年11月,歐巴馬首次訪問中國時,袁偉書寫「觀海聽濤」四字送給歐巴馬。中國網友將「聽濤」理解成「聽胡錦濤的話」,於是將歐巴馬稱為「奧觀海」[128]。
- 床破、唐床破:中文網友根據川普的英文名字Donald Trump的諧音起的外號[129]。
- 川建國:川來源自唐納·川普的中文譯名川普,而唐納·川普生於1946年,許多與川普同齡的中國男性名字中含有「建國」二字,意思為建設新中國。唐納·川普上任後引發的中美貿易戰以及一系列美國對中華人民共和國的制裁觸發中國國內的愛國主義,中國愛國者認為唐納·川普的一系列做法只會讓中國更團結,更好建設中國[130]。
- 懂王:來源於根據川普演說時的口頭禪「沒有誰比我更懂(事物)」(英語:Nobody Knows More[...]better than me)[131],引發了一系列網絡迷因,因此得此外號。
- 拜振華,中國網民所取的中文外號。「振華」有振興中華的寓意[130]。
- 中產階級喬(Middle Class Joe), [132]因為他曾經是資產最少的美國參議院議員。
- Sleepy Joe[133][134][135]和Sloppy Joe,唐納·川普及其支持者對拜登的貶稱,2020年美國總統選舉期間,美國共和黨支持者嘲諷拜登「反應遲鈍」 [136][134]。
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"It's easy to see why history sometimes refers to George Washington as "the American Cincinnatus". Washington too did great things then went back to his farm".
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A surname given to John Adams ... in allusion to his earnest and persevering efforts towards colonial independence in the Continental Congress. Sometimes also called the Colossus of the Revolution.
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Yes, John Adams, whom Jefferson pronounced the 'Colossus of Independence,' and who died with the motto 'Independence forever!' on his lips, 'probably desired independence.' So say William Badger and Francis N. Fisk. Shall we believe them? We will — not withstanding the doubt which their expression implies.
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