蚤蠅
 | 此條目的語調或風格或許不適合百科全書。 (2018年3月24日) |
蚤蠅科
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| 瘤背是蚤蠅科的典型特徵 | |
科學分類 
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| 界： | 動物界 Animalia |
| 門： | 節肢動物門 Arthropoda |
| 綱： | 昆蟲綱 Insecta |
| 目： | 雙翅目 Diptera |
| 亞目： | 短角亞目 Brachycera |
| 下目： | 家蠅下目 Muscomorpha |
| 演化支： | Eremoneura Eremoneura |
| 演化支： | 環裂類 Cyclorrhapha |
| 系： | 無縫組 Aschiza |
| 總科： | 扁腳蠅總科 Platypezoidea |
| 科： | 蚤蠅科 Phoridae |
| 亞科 | |
蚤蠅 （Phorid fly）又名為駝背蠅，屬於雙翅目蚤蠅科（學名：Phoridae），估計有超過4000個物種，分成4個亞科230個屬。臺灣在過去的紀錄有17個屬69種，其中異蚤蠅屬(Megaselia)為大宗，約有40種，最常見的是別名棺材蠅的蛆症異蚤蠅（Megaselia scalaris）。另一物種Euryplatea nanaknihali體長僅0.4公釐，是世界最小的蒼蠅[1]。
下屬分類
[編輯]本科包括以下屬：
- Abaristophora Schmitz, 1927
- Acanthophorides Borgmeier, 1924
- Achaetophora Disney, 1996
- Acontistoptera Brues, 1902
- Adelopteromyia Schmitz, 1923
- Adenophora Borgmeier, 1960
- Aemulophora Borgmeier, 1938
- Aenictacantha Disney, 1991
- Aenictomyia Brues, 1930
- Aenigmaphora Disney, 1996
- Aenigmatias Meinert, 1890
- Aenigmatistes Shelford, 1908
- Aenigmatopoeus Schmitz, 1914
- Agaphora Mostovski, 1999
- Alamira Schmitz, 1952
- Allochaeta Borgmeier, 1924
- Anaclinusa Borgmeier, 1969
- Anevrina Lioy, 1864
- Anticofimbria Schmitz, 1951
- Antipodiphora Schmitz, 1939
- Aphiochaeta Brues, 1903
- Aphiura Schmitz, 1939
- Apocephalus Coquillett, 1901
- Apodicrania Borgmeier, 1933
- Apopteromyia Beyer, 1958
- Apterella Borgmeier, 1935
- Apteronilla Borgmeier, 1959
- Apteronina Borgmeier, 1958
- Apterophora Brues, 1923
- Aptinandria Schmidt, 1921
- Arabiphora Disney, 2006
- Archiphora Schmitz, 1929
- Archisciada Grimaldi & Cumming, 1999
- Aristocerina Borgmeier & Pires do Prado, 1975
- Aristopsis Borgmeier, 1959
- Arrenaptenus Schmitz, 1958
- Assmutherium Schmitz, 1924
- Attamyia Greene, 1938
- Aurisetiphora Brown, 2022
- Auxanommatidia Borgmeier, 1924
- Bactropalpus Borgmeier, 1963
- Beckerina Malloch, 1910
- Beyermyia Disney, 1991
- Billotia Schmitz, 1944
- Bolsiusia Schmitz, 1913
- Borgmeieria Pires do Prado, 1976
- Borgmeieriphora Pires do Prado, 1976
- Borophaga Enderlein, 1924
- Bothroprosopa Schmitz, 1939
- Brachycephaloptera Borgmeier, 1924
- Brachycosta Pires do Prado, 1976
- Brachyphlebina Borgmeier & Pires do Prado, 1975
- Brachyselia Schmitz, 1927
- Brevrostrophora Disney, 1997
- Brownphora Disney, 2004
- Burmophora Beyer, 1958
- Byrsophrys Enderlein, 1912
- Calamiscus Borgmeier, 1960
- Caledophora Ament & Brown, 2017
- Capraephora Bezzi, 1922
- Cataclinusa Schmitz, 1927
- Ceratoconus Borgmeier, 1928
- Ceratophoromyia Beyer, 1959
- Ceratoplatus Duméril, 1800
- Ceratoplatus Schmitz, 1939
- Ceratusa Borgmeier, 1967
- Ceroplatus Schellenberg, 1803
- Ceylonoxenia Schmitz, 1936
- Chaetaspidia Borgmeier, 1961
- Chaetocnemistoptera Borgmeier, 1923
- Chaetogodavaria Liu, 1996
- Chaetoneurophora Malloch, 1912
- Chaetopleurophora Schmitz, 1922
- Cheiloxenia Delachambre, 1966
- Chelidophora Borgmeier, 1933
- Chonocephalus Wandollek, 1898
- Chouomyia Liu, 1995
- Clinochaeta Borgmeier, 1922
- Clitelloxenia Kemner, 1932
- Colobomeles Borgmeier, 1927
- Colyeria Borgmeier & Pires do Prado, 1975
- Commoptera Brues, 1901
- Conicera Meigen, 1830
- Coniceromyia Borgmeier, 1923
- Conoprosopa Becker, 1909
- Contopteryx Schmitz, 1929
- Cootiphora Brown, 1993
- Coridophora Schmitz, 1951
- Corniphora Liu, 2023
- Corniphora yanbianensis Liu, 2023[2]
- Corynusa Schmitz, 1931
- Coryptilomyia Brues, 1910
- Couturiera Disney, 1979
- Crasilla
- Cremersia Schmitz, 1924
- Crepidopachys Enderlein, 1912
- Crinophleba Borgmeier, 1967
- Cryptophora Borgmeier, 1935
- Cryptopteromyia Trägårdh, 1909
- Ctenopleuriphora Liu, 1996
- Ctenostichus Enderlein, 1924
- Cyphocephalus Borgmeier, 1967
- Cyphometopis Borgmeier, 1924
- Cyrtophorina Borgmeier & Pires do Prado, 1975
- Dacnophora
- Daenophora Borgmeier, 1961
- Dahliphora Schmitz, 1923
- Danumphora Disney, 2002
- Darwiniphora
- Diaclinella Borgmeier, 1962
- Dichocerina Borgmeier, 1971
- Dicranodeina Schmitz, 1929
- Dicranopteron Schmitz, 1931
- Dinocercus Borgmeier, 1971
- Diocophora Borgmeier, 1959
- Diploneura
- Diplonevra Lioy, 1864
- Diplostylocera
- Distichophora Schmitz, 1939
- Dohrnigma Disney & Ellwood, 2001
- Dohrniphora Dahl, 1898
- Dorsochaeta Borgmeier & Pires do Prado, 1975
- Drepanophora Strobl, 1880
- Dubiaphis
- Dundophora Schmitz, 1955
- Echidnophora Schmitz, 1915
- Ecitocantha Borgmeier, 1924
- Ecitomyia Brues, 1901
- Ecitophora Schmitz, 1916
- Ecitoptera Borgmeier & Schmitz, 1923
- Ecituncula Schmitz, 1923
- Ectochaeta Borgmeier, 1958
- Edaphomyia Borgmeier, 1959
- Egregiophora Beyer, 1958
- Eibesfeldtphora Disney, 1996
- Electrophora Brues, 1939
- Enderleinphora Disney, 2004
- Endonepenthia Schmitz, 1932
- Eosciadocera Hong, 1981
- Epacteon Borgmeier, 1963
- Epactoselia Disney, 1998
- Epichonocephalus Schmitz, 1927
- Epicnemis Borgmeier
- Epimegaselia Beyer, 1959
- Eremophora Borgmeier, 1960
- Erinacephora
- Euliphora Arillo & Mostovski, 1999
- Eurycnemis Borgmeier, 1971
- Euryophora Schmitz, 1941
- Euryphora
- Euryplatea Schmitz, 1941
- Eutermiphora Lea, 1911
- Exochaeta Schmitz, 1931
- Franssenia Schmitz, 1931
- Fushuniclavicornia Hong, 2002
- Fushunophoritis Hong, 2002
- Gemmaphora Mostovski, 1999
- Godavaria Brown, 1992
- Gymnophora Macquart, 1835
- Gymnoptera Lioy, 1864
- Gymnoselia Schmitz, 1927
- Haplophleba Schmitz, 1929
- Haulepta Disney, 1997
- Hemiplastophora Beyer, 1965
- Hennigophora Brown, 2007
- Henningophora Brown, 2007
- Heterophora Borgmeier, 1922
- Hexacantherophora Schmitz, 1916
- Hieronymus Weyenbergh, 1886
- Hippaphora Disney, 2015
- Hirotophora Brown, Amorim & Kung
- Histriophora Borgmeier, 1960
- Holopterina Borgmeier, 1928
- Homalophora Borgmeier, 1922
- Horologiphora Disney, 1997
- Huaxiaphoritis Hong, 2002
- Hylophora Borgmeier, 1960
- Hyocerina
- Hypocera Lioy, 1864
- Hypocerides Schmitz, 1915
- Hypoceridites Brues, 1939
- Hypogeophora Goto, 1986
- Idiophora Borgmeier
- Idophora Borgmeier, 1960
- Imparphora Zuha & Disney, 2018
- Indoxenia Schmitz, 1936
- Iranphora Namaki-Khameneh & Disney, 2021
- Iridophora Disney, 1986
- Javanoxenia Schmitz, 1933
- Jealia Brown, 2010
- Johowia Silva Figueroa, 1916
- Kerophora Brown, 1988
- Kierania Schmitz, 1939
- Kuenburgia Schmitz, 1937
- Labiduncula Borgmeier, 1936
- Laciniomyia Kung & Brown, 2005
- Laishania Kung & Brown, 2005
- Laosphora Disney & Dupont, 2009
- Latiborophaga Brown, 1992
- Lecanocerus Borgmeier, 1962
- Lenkoa Borgmeier, 1969
- Lepidophoromyia Borgmeier, 1924
- Lepta Schmitz, 1938
- Leptilla Borgmeier, 1963
- Leptophora Six, 1878
- Limulomyia Brown, 1999
- Linklloydia Disney, 1995
- Lioyella Enderlein, 1924
- Lobochaeta Borgmeier, 1960
- Longirostrum Disney, 1979
- Loxauchenia Schmitz & Mjöberg, 1925
- Lucianaphora Disney, 2008
- Macgrathphora Brown, 2022
- Macrocerides Borgmeier, 1927
- Macrocerophora Brown, 2011
- Macroselia Schmitz, 1939
- Maculiphora Disney, 1991
- Mahabadphora Namaki-Khameneh & Disney, 2021
- Maksika Mostovski, 1999
- Mallochphora Disney, 2004
- Mannheimsia Beyer, 1965
- Megapropodiphora Brown, 2018
- 異蚤蠅屬 Megaselia Rondani, 1856
- Melaloncha Brues, 1904
- Melittophora Brues, 1928
- Menozziola Schmitz, 1927
- Mesopathusa Schmitz, 1951
- Metaplastophora Beyer, 1965
- Metopina Macquart, 1835
- Metopotropis Enderlein, 1912
- Miclepta Disney, 2006
- Microplatyphora Schmitz, 1915
- Microselia Schmitz, 1934
- Minicosta Brown & Oliver, 2008
- Misotermes
- Mollicauda Beyer, 1965
- Morahania Schmitz, 1958
- Multinevra Disney, 1979
- Myopiomyia Disney, 1987
- Myriophora Brown, 1992
- Myriophora alexandrae Hash & Brown, 2015[3]
- Myriophora alienipennis Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora anacleti (Borgmeier) Borgmeier
- Myriophora angustifacies Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora angustifascia Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora annetteae Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora annulata Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora bicuspidis Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora bilsae Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora bimaculata Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora borealis Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora breviatrsus Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora brevitarsus
- Myriophora browni Hash & Brown
- Myriophora brunneipleuron Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora communis Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora curvata Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora curvicacumen Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora dennisoni Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora discalis Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora diversa Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora dividida Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora dolionatis Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora flavicosta Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora fuscidorsum Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora gigantea Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora gobaleti Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora harwoodi Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora hebes Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora heratyi Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora inaequalisetarum Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora infirmata Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora jeffersoni Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora juli (Brues, 1908)
- Myriophora kerri Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora kungae Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora longisetarum Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora lucigaster (Borgmeier, 1961)
- Myriophora luteitergum Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora luteizona (Borgmeier, 1925)
- Myriophora magnilabellum Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora misionesensis Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora nigra Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora nigralinea Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora obscuritergum Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora opilionidis (Borgmeier, 1931)
- Myriophora pabloi (Brown, 1994)
- Myriophora pallida Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora parva Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora pectinata Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora perpendicularis Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora plana Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora porrasae Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora porrecta Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora reminatis Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora scopulata Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora simplex Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora sinesplendida Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora smithi Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora spicaphora Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora spicaticonus Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora tenuis Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora uruguaiensis Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora vancouverensis Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myriophora wellsorum Hash & Brown, 2015
- Myrmomyia Silvestri, 1911
- Myrmosicarius Borgmeier, 1928
- Myromomyia
- Necperissa Disney, 1993
- Neodohrniphora Malloch, 1914
- Neophora Borgmeier, 1958
- Neopleurophora Brown, 1992
- Neopuliciphora Schmitz & Mjöberg, 1924
- Nossibea Schmitz, 1927
- Obelosia Lioy, 1864
- Obscurcaudaphora Disney, 2015
- Obscuriphora Disney, 1986
- Odontoxenia Schmitz, 1915
- Oligophora Silvestri, 1947
- Oniscomyia Enderlein, 1909
- Pachyneurella Brues, 1903
- Pallura Walker, 1859
- Palpiclavina Silvestri, 1947
- Palpocrates Schmitz, 1939
- Parametopina Borgmeier, 1924
- Paraphiochaeta Malloch, 1914
- Paraphiura Beyer, 1966
- Parapuliciphora Abreu, 1921
- Pararhoptrocera Prokop & Nel, 2005
- Paraspiniphora Malloch, 1912
- Parastenophora Malloch, 1910
- Parasyneura Malloch, 1912
- Paratermitoxenia Beyer, 1965
- Paurophora Silvestri, 1947
- Pelidnophora Borgmeier, 1922
- Penthaplus Schmitz, 1958
- Pericyclocera Schmitz, 1927
- Pericyclocerina Borgmeier, 1971
- Perissa
- Perittophora Disney, 1990
- Peromitra Enderlein, 1924
- Phalacrotophora Enderlein, 1912
- Pheidolomyia Schmitz, 1915
- Phlebothrix Borgmeier, 1969
- 蚤蠅屬 Phora Latreille, 1796
- Phorhynchus Brunetti, 1912
- Phoricesa Koçak & Kemal, 2010
- Phymatopterella Brues, 1933
- Physoptera Borgmeier, 1958
- Pilosaphiura Disney, 2003
- Placophora Borgmeier, 1936
- Placophorina Borgmeier, 1958
- Plastophora Brues, 1905
- Plastophorides Beyer, 1959
- Platydipteron Borgmeier & Pires do Prado, 1975
- Platyphora Verrall, 1877
- Platyphorella Strand, 1917
- Plectanocnema Schmitz, 1926
- Plethysmochaeta Schmitz, 1924
- Pleurophorina Borgmeier, 1969
- Poloniphora Disney & Durska, 1989
- Postoptica Disney, 1987
- Pradea Borgmeier, 1927
- Prioriphora McAlpine & Martin, 1966
- Procliniella Borgmeier, 1925
- Pronomiophora Enderlein, 1912
- Pronomiorpha
- Pronudiphora Disney, 1997
- Prophora Grimaldi, 2018
- Protophorites Brues, 1939
- Protoplatyphora Brues, 1939
- Psalidesma Becker, 1912
- Pseudacteon Coquillett, 1907
- Pseudacteon Loew, 1857
- Pseudaenigmatias Brown, 2016
- Pseudohypocera Malloch, 1912
- Pseudometopina Disney, 1994
- Pseudomyriophora
- Pseudoplastophora Schmitz, 1915
- Pseudostenophora Malloch, 1912
- Pseudotermitoxenia Shiraki, 1925
- Psyllomyia Loew, 1857
- Ptochomyia Silvestri, 1920
- Pulicimyia Borgmeier, 1960
- Puliciphora Dahl, 1897
- Quasipseudacteon Beyer, 1959
- Razorfemora Disney, 1990
- Rhabdomyia Borgmeier, 1936
- Rhopica Schmitz, 1927
- Rhoptrocera Hong, 1981
- Rhynchomicropteron Annandale, 1912
- Rhyncophoromyia Malloch, 1923
- Ridiculiphora Disney, 1997
- Ritchiephora Disney & Ritchie, 1997
- Sacculiphora Liu, 2021
- Saetulaptera Naumov, 2013
- Schmitzia Borgmeier, 1922
- Sciadocera White, 1916
- Sciadophora McAlpine & Martin, 1966
- Selenophora Maruyama & Disney, 2011
- Septemineophora Disney, 1997
- Siluphora Disney, 1997
- Sinogodavaria Guang-Chun Liu, 2020
- Sorowoodiphora Disney, 2009
- Sphinctomyia Borgameier, 1954
- Spiniphora Malloch, 1909
- Stenodicrania
- Stenoneurellys Borgmeier, 1924
- Stenophorina Borgmeier, 1963
- Stethopathus Wandolleck, 1898
- Stethopathusa Schmitz, 1921
- Stichillus Enderlein, 1924
- Styletta Borgmeier, 1960
- Stylusa Bormeier & Pires do Prado, 1975
- Synaptophora Brown, 1992
- Synclinusa Borgmeier, 1971
- Syneura Brues, 1903
- Syneurina Borgmeier, 1963
- Syntermitoxenia Schmitz, 1936
- Syntermophora Seevers, 1941
- Tabelliphora Kung & Brown, 2005
- Tapantia Brown & Kung, 2004
- Tarsocrates Schmitz, 1939
- Tarsophoromyia Beyer, 1965
- Tayrona Brown & Kung, 2004
- Tendcornphora Disney, 2015
- Teratophora Yang & Wang, 1995
- Termitomyia Wasmann, 1901
- Termitophilomyia Schmitz, 1936
- Termitophora Schmitz, 1913
- Termitophorides Borgmeier, 1922
- Termitophorina
- Termitosagma Reichensperger, 1931
- Termitoscrofa Schmitz, 1936
- Termitosphaera Wasmann, 1913
- Termitostroma Reichensperger, 1931
- Termitoxenia Wasmann, 1900
- Thalloptera Borgmeier & Schmitz, 1922
- Thaumatoxena Breddin & Börner, 1904
- Tranopeltoxenos Brues, 1923
- Travassophora Borgmeier, 1938
- Trichocerina Borgmeier & Pires do Prado, 1975
- Trineura Meigen, 1803
- Trineurocephala Schmitz, 1923
- Triphleba Rondani, 1856
- Trispiniphora Disney & Michailovskaya, 2000
- Trophithauma Schmitz, 1925
- Trophodeinus Borgmeier, 1960
- Tropophleba Schmitz, 1929
- Trucidophora Brown, 1991
- Trupheoneura Malloch, 1909
- Tubicera Schmitz, 1920
- Tubiceroides Borgmeier, 1935
- Tubicerphora Coomer, 1999
- Typhlophorina Silvestri, 1947
- Udamochiras Brown, 2004
- Udamochiras Enderlein, 1912
- Ulrichophora Brown, 2007
- Varya Mostovski, 1999
- Veranophora Disney, 2003
- Veruanus Schmitz, 1927
- Vestigipoda Disney, 1996
- Volvectiphora Disney, 1997
- Vuvanlienia
- Wandolleckia Cook, 1897
- Wharia Brown & Oliver, 2008
- Woodiphora Schmitz, 1926
- Woodiphorides
- Xanionotum Brues, 1902
- Xenophoromyia Disney, 2007
- Xenotriphleba Buck, 1997
- Zikania Borgmeier, 1925
- Zygtaxphora Disney, 2006
- Zyziphora Peterson & Robinson, 1976
特徵
[編輯]蚤蠅是一類小型的蒼蠅，外貌與果蠅近似，特徵包括駝背、複眼黑色、觸角鞭節膨大、後足腿節膨大、翅在接近身體部位的翅脈較粗且短，其他翅脈則較細不明顯。
特點
[編輯]基本上除了寄生蠅之外的蠅科同類一樣，都是食腐性的蒼蠅，常出現在屍體腐敗後期。不過與麗蠅、金蠅不同的是，蚤蠅是在屍體腐敗後期時才會群聚，這點與果蠅頗為類似。
參考資料
[編輯]- ^ Brown, B.V. 2012: Small size no protection for acrobat ants: world's smallest fly is a parasitic phorid (Diptera: Phoridae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 105(4): 550-554. doi:10.1603/AN12011
- ^ Guangchun Liu. 2023. A New Genus of Scuttle Flies (Diptera: Phoridae) from China, with Description of A New Species. Zoological Systematics. 48(4): 361-364 DOI: 10.11865/zs.2023402
- ^ Myriophora alexandrae. Parasite of the Day. [2024-03-14]. （原始內容存檔於2024-03-14）.