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Hornbeam
European hornbeam foliage
科學分類 編輯
界： 植物界 Plantae
演化支： 維管束植物 Tracheophyta
演化支： 被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支： 真雙子葉植物 Eudicots
演化支： 薔薇類植物 Rosids
目： 殼斗目 Fagales
科： 樺木科 Betulaceae
亞科： 榛亞科 Coryloideae
屬： 千金榆屬 Carpinus
L.
異名[1]

Distegocarpus Siebold & Zucc

Hornbeams are hardwood trees in the flowering plant genus Carpinus in the birch family Betulaceae. The 30–40 species occur across much of the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere.

Origin of names

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The common English name hornbeam derives from the hardness of the woods (likened to horn) and the Old English beam "tree" (cognate with German Baum). The American hornbeam is also occasionally known as blue-beech, ironwood, or musclewood, the first from the resemblance of the bark to that of the American beech（英語：American beech） Fagus grandifolia, the other two from the hardness of the wood and the muscular appearance of the trunk, respectively. The botanic name for the genus, Carpinus, is the original Latin name for the European species.

Taxonomy

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Though some botanistsTemplate:Whom grouped them with the hazels (Corylus) and hop-hornbeams (Ostrya) in a segregated（英語：segregate (taxonomy)） family, Corylaceae, modern botanists place the hornbeams in the birch subfamily Coryloideae（英語：Coryloideae）.[來源請求]

Description

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A European Hornbeam in Germany, during May

Hornbeams are small to medium-sized trees, Carpinus betulus reaching a height of 32 m.[2]:296 The leaves are deciduous, alternate, and simple with a serrated margin, and typically vary from 3–10 cm in length. The flowers are wind-pollinated pendulous catkins, produced in spring. The male and female flowers are on separate catkins, but on the same tree (monoecious（英語：Plant sexuality）). The fruit is a small nut about 3–6 mm long, held in a leafy bract; the bract may be either trilobed or simple oval, and is slightly asymmetrical. The asymmetry of the seedwing makes it spin as it falls, improving wind dispersal. The shape of the wing is important in the identification of different hornbeam species. Typically, 10–30 seeds are on each seed catkin.

Distribution

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The 30–40 species occur across much of the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, with the greatest number of species in east Asia, particularly China. Only two species occur in Europe, only one in eastern North America, and one in Mesoamerica.[1][3][4][5][6] Carpinus betulus（英語：Carpinus betulus） can be found in Europe, Turkey and Ukraine.[7]

Associated insects

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Hornbeams are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including autumnal moth（英語：autumnal moth）, common emerald（英語：common emerald）, feathered thorn（英語：feathered thorn）, walnut sphinx（英語：walnut sphinx）, Svensson's copper underwing（英語：Svensson's copper underwing）, and winter moth（英語：winter moth） (recorded on European Hornbeam) as well as the Coleophora（英語：Coleophora） case-bearers C. currucipennella and C. ostryae.[8]

Applications

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Hornbeam trunk

Hornbeams yield a very hard timber, giving rise to the name "ironwood".[9] Dried heartwood billets are nearly white and are suitable for decorative use. For general carpentry, hornbeam is rarely used, partly due to the difficulty of working it. The wood is used to construct carving boards, tool handles, handplane soles, coach wheels, piano actions, shoe lasts, and other products where a very tough, hard wood is required. The wood can also be used as gear pegs in simple machines, including traditional windmills.[9] It is sometimes coppice（英語：coppice）d to provide hardwood poles. It is also used in parquet flooring and for making chess pieces.

Species

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Accepted species[1]

  1. Carpinus betulus（英語：Carpinus betulus） L. — European hornbeam - widespread across much of Europe; Turkey, Iran, Caucasus; naturalized in a few places in US.[7]
  2. Carpinus caroliniana（英語：Carpinus caroliniana） Walter — American hornbeam - Quebec, Ontario, eastern half of US
  3. Carpinus chuniana Hu - Guangdong, Guizhou, Hubei
  4. Carpinus cordata Blume — Sawa hornbeam - Primorye, China, Korea, Japan
  5. Carpinus dayongiana K.W.Liu & Q.Z.Lin - Hunan
  6. Carpinus eximia Nakai - Korea
  7. Carpinus faginea Lindl. - Nepal, Himalayas of northern India
  8. Carpinus fangiana Hu[10] - Sichuan, Guangxi
  9. Carpinus hebestroma Yamam. - Taiwan
  10. Carpinus henryana (H.J.P.Winkl.) H.J.P.Winkl. - southern China
  11. Carpinus japonica（英語：Carpinus japonica） Blume — Japanese hornbeam - Japan
  12. Carpinus kawakamii Hayata - Taiwan, southeastern China
  13. Carpinus kweichowensis Hu - Guizhou, Yunnan
  14. Carpinus langaoensis Z. Qiang Lu & J. Quan Liu - Shaanxi, China
  15. Carpinus laxiflora (Siebold & Zucc.) Blume — Aka-shide hornbeam - Japan, Korea
  16. Carpinus lipoensis Y.K.Li - Guizhou
  17. Carpinus londoniana H.J.P.Winkl. - southern China, northern Indochina
  18. Carpinus luochengensis J.Y.Liang - Guangxi
  19. Carpinus mengshanensis S.B.Liang & F.Z.Zhao - Shandong
  20. Carpinus microphylla Z.C.Chen ex Y.S.Wang & J.P.Huang - Guangxi
  21. Carpinus mollicoma Hu - Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan
  22. Carpinus monbeigiana Hand.-Mazz. - Tibet, Yunnan
  23. Carpinus omeiensis Hu & W.P.Fang - Sichuan, Guizhou
  24. Carpinus orientalis（英語：Carpinus orientalis） Mill. — Oriental hornbeam - Hungary, Balkans, Italy, Crimea, Turkey, Iran, Caucasus
  25. Carpinus paohsingensis W.Y.Hsia - China
  26. Carpinus polyneura Franch. - southern China
  27. Carpinus pubescens Burkill - China, Vietnam
  28. Carpinus purpurinervis Hu - Guizhou, Guangxi
  29. Carpinus putoensis W.C.Cheng — Putuo hornbeam - Zhejiang
  30. Carpinus rankanensis Hayata - Taiwan
  31. Carpinus rupestris A.Camus - Yunnan, Guangxi, Guizhou
  32. Carpinus shensiensis Hu - Gansu, Shaanxi
  33. Carpinus shimenensis C.J.Qi - Hunan
  34. †Carpinus tengshongensis W.C.Cheng[11] - Zhejiang but probably extinct
  35. Carpinus tropicalis (Donn.Sm.) Lundell - Mexico, Central America
  36. Carpinus tsaiana Hu - Yunnan, Guizhou
  37. Carpinus tschonoskii Maxim. — Chonowski's hornbeam - China, Korea, Japan
  38. Carpinus turczaninowii Hance — Korean hornbeam,[12] - China, Korea, Japan
  39. Carpinus viminea Wall. ex Lindl. - China, Korea, Himalayas, northern Indochina

References

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Carpinus L., Sp. Pl.: 998 (1753). World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew（英語：Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew）. 
  2. ^ Stace, C. A. New Flora of the British Isles Third. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. 2010. ISBN 9780521707725. 
  3. ^ Flora of China, Vol. 4 Page 289, 鵝耳櫪屬 e er li shu, Carpinus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 998. 1753.
  4. ^ Flora of North America, Vol. 3, Hornbeam, Carpinus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 998. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 432, 1754.
  5. ^ Carpinus betulus L.. Altervista Flora Italiana. 
  6. ^ 2013 BONAP North American Plant Atlas. TaxonMaps. Biota of North America Program. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Carpinus betulus. 2.nd Ed., The Royal Horticultural Society, Dorling Kindersley Ltd, London, pp. 234, 235. 
  8. ^ Miscellaneous Publication. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1972: 297. 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Eichhorn, Markus; Haran, Brady. The Hornbeam's Heartbeat. test-tube.org.uk. University of Nottingham. 2011-12-01 [2012-12-30]. 
  10. ^ Carpinus fangiana. Rogers Trees and Shrubs. （原始內容存檔於2011-07-15）. 
  11. ^ Dai, Jing; Sun, Bainian; Xie, Sanping; Lin, Zhicheng; Wu, Jingyu; Dao, Kequn. A new species of Carpinus (Betulaceae) from the Pliocene of Yunnan Province, China. Plant Systematics and Evolution. 2013, 299 (3): 643–658. doi:10.1007/s00606-012-0750-1. 
  12. ^ English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum（英語：Korea National Arboretum）. 2015: 400 [8 December 2016]. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於25 May 2017） –透過Korea Forest Service（英語：Korea Forest Service）. 
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Category:Carpinus（英語：Category:Carpinus）

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