白胸鳾
白胸䴓
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| 摄于美国纽约绿荫公墓的成年雄性个体 | |
| 北卡罗莱纳州威尔克斯县一个体的叫声 | |
科学分类 
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| 界： | 动物界 Animalia |
| 门： | 脊索动物门 Chordata |
| 纲： | 鸟纲 Aves |
| 目： | 雀形目 Passeriformes |
| 科： | 鳾科 Sittidae |
| 属： | 鳾屬 Sitta |
| 种： | 白胸䴓 S. carolinensis
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| 二名法 | |
| Sitta carolinensis Latham, 1790
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| 族群大致分布图
全年
非繁殖季
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白胸䴓（学名：Sitta carolinensis）是䴓属的一种鸟类。作为一种中型䴓，其体长约13-14厘米，上部呈浅蓝灰，雄性䴓羽和颈背为黑色，雌性䴓冠则为深灰色；下部发白，下腹略带红色，不同品类的颜色略有不同。尽管白胸䴓与白鹡鸰在生物分类上关系并不密切，但它们的羽毛非常相似[2]。白胸鳾是一种聒噪的鸟，鸣声带有鼻音，通常会重复发出类似口哨的叫声。夏季，它作为一种专食昆虫的鸟类以各种节肢动物为食，但冬季它的食物主要是种子和坚果。白胸䴓的巢穴位于树洞内，一窝有五到九枚蛋，由雌鸟孵化两周，雄鸟喂养，随后两只成鸟会共同喂养幼鸟，直到后者羽化后还会持续数周[3]。
白胸䴓的繁殖地遍及北美洲大部，但较凉爽干燥的地区除外。它主要栖息在低海拔地区的落叶林或混交疏林中，因其分布、叫声和颜色的差异一般分为七到九个亚种。该物种曾被认为与南亚的喜山䴓（S leucopsis）和藏䴓（S. przewalskii）有亲缘关系，但事实上东南亚的巨䴓（S. magna）与其生物学关联更为紧密。该物种的分布非常广泛，且其数量据说还在增加，因此被国际自然保护联盟认定为“无危物种”。
命名与分类
[编辑]䴓属（Sitta）是鸟纲雀形目下的一个属，“䴓”《康熙字典》作鸟名[4]，俗称五子雀，其英文名称（Nuthatch）源于该属的某些种喜欢将大昆虫或种子楔入缝隙中，用强有力的喙啄食[5]。白胸䴓的学名根据二名法由两部分组成，Sitta源自古希腊语同义词sittē[6]， carolinensis在拉丁语中意为“卡罗莱纳的” 。白胸䴓在英国鸟类学家约翰·莱瑟姆1790年的著作《鸟类学索引》（Index Ornithologicus）中首次被描述[7]。德国鸟类学家埃德蒙·沃尔特斯于1975年至1982年间提出将䴓属划分出亚属，白胸䴓被归入Sitta（Leptositta）(Buturlin, 1916)，与喜山䴓（S. leucopsis）和藏䴓（S. przewalskii）同列[8]。
䴓的分类很复杂，地理上分开的物种有时彼此非常相似，白胸䴓的外貌和鸣叫与生活在喜马拉雅山脉的藏䴓接近，二者过去被认为是同种[9]。2012年发表的一项研究表明，䴓属四个不同的谱系在基因上互相隔离，各自代表的不同物种可通过形态和鸣唱声区分[10]。2014年的一项分子演化树研究涵盖了䴓属内所有主要物种的谱系，其结论认为白胸䴓与巨䴓（S. magna）的关系相较与藏䴓的更密切，而后者被发现是该科最早分化的物种[11]。
以下为基于2014年系统发生树研究制成的简化支序图：[11]
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形态描述
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白胸䴓体长13-14厘米，是一种中型䴓，与同属其他成员一样，其头大、尾短、翅短、喙强健、足有力，翼展可达20-27厘米，体重在18-30克之间[12]。
指名亚种S. c. carolinensis成年雄性的上部呈浅蓝灰，头冠呈亮黑色，背部上方有一条黑纹；翼上覆羽和飞羽皆呈深灰色，边缘处颜色较浅，闭合的翅膀为浅灰黑色，带有细长的白色翼纹；面部和下部为白色；外侧尾羽呈黑色，外沿三根羽毛上有宽斜的白色条带，飞行时可被清晰观察到[9]。
雌鸟背上的黑色条纹一般比雄鸟的窄，上部颜色略暗，下部颜色较浅。雌鸟的头冠是灰色的，但许多个体也有黑色的头冠，这使得在野外很难将其与雄鸟区分开。美国东北部至少有10%的雌鸟头冠呈黑色，而在落基山脉、墨西哥和美国东南部，这一比例上升到40-80%。幼鸟与成鸟类似，但羽毛颜色较暗[9]。
另外三种体型明显较小的䴓，其分布范围与白胸䴓重叠，但没有任何一种的眼睛周围完全环绕着白色羽毛。更具体的差别在于，红胸䴓有一条黑色的眼线，下部为红色，棕头䴓和侏儒䴓的头冠都是棕色的，且颈背上有一白色斑块[13]。
Geographical variation
[编辑]The white-breasted nuthatch has nine subspecies, although the differences are small and change gradually across the range. The subspecies are sometimes treated as three groups based on close similarities in morphology, habitat usage, and vocalizations. These groups cover eastern North America, the Great Basin and central Mexico, and the Pacific coastal regions.[13] The subspecies of the western interior have the darkest upperparts, and eastern S. c. carolinensis has the palest back.[9] The eastern form also has a thicker bill and broader dark cap stripe than the interior and Pacific races. The calls of the three groups differ, as described above.[13]
| Subspecies[9] | Range | Appearance |
|---|---|---|
| S. c. carolinensis | Nominate subspecies, northeast North America west to Saskatchewan and eastern Texas | Palest back and cap |
| S. c. nelsoni | Rocky Mountains, from northern Montana south to extreme northwest Chihuahua | Darker gray upperparts, darker cap, less contrast in wings |
| S. c. tenuissima | From British Columbia through the Cascade Range to southern California | Smaller than S. c. nelsoni, with slightly paler upperparts and a more slender bill |
| S. c. aculeata | Western parts of Washington, Oregon and California, northernmost Baja California. | Smaller than S. c. tenuissima, with buffer underparts, slightly paler upperparts and a more slender bill |
| S. c. alexandrae | Northern Baja California | Larger than S. c. aculeata, with marginally darker upperparts. The longest-billed race |
| S. c. lagunae | Southernmost Baja California | Smaller than S. c. alexandrae with slightly darker; underparts and more buff. Bill relatively stout |
| S. c. oberholseri | Southwest Texas and eastern Mexico | Very similar to S. c. nelsoni, but upperparts and underparts slightly darker |
| S. c. mexicana | Western Mexico | Duller than S. c. oberholseri with grayer flanks |
| S. c. kinneari | Southern Mexico in Guerrero and Oaxaca | Smallest subspecies, similar to S. c. mexicana but female has more extensively orange-buff underparts. Short, stout bill |
Similar species
[编辑]Only three other species of nuthatches inhabit North America: the red-breasted nuthatch (S. canadensis), the pygmy nuthatch (S. pygmaea) and the brown-headed nuthatch (S. pusilla), and their distributions overlap with those of the white-breasted nuthatch. They are, however, clearly distinct and much smaller, since they are the smallest nuthatches, measuring 10 centimeters long and weighing around 10 grams.[14] The red-breasted nuthatch has reddish underparts and has a black stripe on the eye. The pygmy nuthatch and the brown-headed nuthatch have a brown crown with a white spot on the nape.[13]
- Nuthatches of North America
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White-breasted nuthatch (S. carolinensis) -
Red-breasted nuthatch (S. canadensis) -
Pygmy nuthatch (S. pygmaea) -
Brown-headed nuthatch (S. pusilla)
参考资料
[编辑]- ^ BirdLife International. Sitta carolinensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016, 2016: e.T22711202A94283783 [19 November 2021]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22711202A94283783.en
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- ^ white wagtail=5 November 2022. ebird.
- ^ All About Birds - White-breasted Nuthatch Life History - Nesting. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. [December 18, 2019].
- ^ 䴓 | 汉典. www.zdic.net. [2024-12-25] （中文（中国大陆））.
- ^ Nuthatch. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster Online. [3 August 2008].
- ^ Brookes, Ian. The Chambers Dictionary ninth. Edinburgh: Chambers. 2006: 1417. ISBN 0-550-10185-3.
- ^ Latham, John. Index Ornithologicus, sive Systema ornithologiae 1. London: Leigh & Sotheby. 1790: 262 （拉丁语）.
- ^ Matthysen, Erik. The Nuthatches. London: A & C Black. 2010: 269-270. ISBN 978-1-4081-2870-1. OCLC 727646681.
- ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Harrap, Simon; Quinn, David. Tits, Nuthatches and Treecreepers. Christopher Helm. 1996: 150–155. ISBN 0-7136-3964-4.
- ^ Walström, V Woody; Spellman, John. Speciation in the White-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis): a multilocus perspective. Molecular Ecology. 2012, 21 (4): 907–920. Bibcode:2012MolEc..21..907W. PMID 22192449. S2CID 8775100. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05384.x.
- ^ 11.0 11.1 Pasquet, Éric; Barker, F Keith; Martens, Jochen; Tillier, Annie; Cruaud, Corinne & Cibois, Alice. Evolution within the nuthatches (Sittidae: Aves, Passeriformes): molecular phylogeny, biogeography, and ecological perspectives. Journal of Ornithology. April 2014, 155 (3): 755. S2CID 17637707. doi:10.1007/s10336-014-1063-7.
- ^ White-breasted Nuthatch. Cornell Lab of Ornithology Bird Guide. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. 2003 [3 August 2008].
- ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Sibley, David. The North American Bird Guide. Pica Press. 2000: 380–382. ISBN 1-873403-98-4.
- ^ Harrap & Quinn 1996，第130–133頁.
外部連結
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- Internet Bird Collection Videos
- South Dakota Birds and Birding （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Information and photographs
- USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
- VIREO （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） photo gallery
- White-breasted Nuthatch （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Talk about Wildlife
- White-breasted Nuthatch, Birds of Nova Scotia
- White-breasted Nuthatch Bird Sound （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）