扎伊納布·賓特·阿里
扎伊納布·賓特·阿里（阿拉伯語：زَيْنَب بِنْت عَلِيّ，626年8月3日–682年），是伊斯蘭先知穆罕默德的外孫女。有人說她是在與家人從麥地那前往敘利亞時死於疾病。[1][2]也有人說她是被暗殺。[3][4]
扎伊納布·賓特·阿里（阿拉伯語：زَيْنَب بِنْت عَلِيّ，約公元626-682年）是伊斯蘭先知穆罕默德的外孫女，父親是阿里·本·阿比·塔利卜，母親是法蒂瑪。阿里被認為是第四位正統哈里發（統治期656-661年）和什葉派的第一位伊瑪目。扎伊納布在卡爾巴拉戰役（公元680年）後扮演了關鍵角色。在這場戰役中，她的兄弟侯賽因和大多數男性親屬被倭馬亞哈里發葉齊德·本·穆阿維葉的軍隊屠殺。戰後，宰娜卜和其他婦孺被俘虜並押送至大馬士革，她在那裡發表了激情洋溢的演講，譴責葉齊德並傳播卡爾巴拉事件的消息。在伊斯蘭教中，扎伊納布被視為犧牲、力量和虔誠的象徵，是穆斯林婦女的榜樣。她的故事展示了在面對巨大苦難和不公時，如何保持信仰和尊嚴。她的勇氣和毅力使她成為伊斯蘭歷史上一個重要且受人尊敬的人物。宰娜卜於公元682年辭世，享年約五十六歲。什葉派信徒每年都在伊斯蘭曆拉賈卜月15日紀念她的逝世。她的安息之所位於大馬士革以南約15公里處的賽義達·扎伊納布清真寺，這是敘利亞境內最大和最重要的什葉派聖地。這座清真寺不僅是重要的朝聖地，還承載着什葉派的歷史記憶和情感。扎伊納布的聖墓象徵着什葉派對伊瑪目侯賽因的熱愛，以及他們在歷史上遭受不公和壓迫的集體記憶。
參考資料
[編輯]- ^ Syed Zameer Akhtar Naqvi, Allama Dr. Princess Zainab-e-Kubra and History of Country Syria (Shahzadi Zainabe Kubra aur Tareekh-e-Mulk-e-Sham). Karachi, Pakistan: Markz-e-Uloom-e-Islamia (Center for Islamic Studies). 2012: 28–49 （烏爾都語）.
- ^ Nisar Ahmed Zainpuri, Akbar Asadi, Mehdi Raza』í. Namoona-e-Sabr (Zainab) translation from Persian to Urdu. Qum, Iran: Ansarian Publications. 2002: 257. ISBN 964-438-399-0 （波斯語）.
- ^ Ziyaarat-e-Shaam (PDF). Qafilaa-e-Zaa』ireen Houston, Texas & Ali Ali School. March 2008 [26 November 2017]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2022-02-09）.
- ^ Admin. Shahadat Majlis of Bibi Zainab(S.A). Mehfil-e-Murtaza, Karachi, Pakistan. 11 October 2014 [15 December 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2022-02-09）.
來源
[編輯]- Abbas, H. The Prophet's Heir: The life of Ali ibn Abi Talib. Yale University Press. 2021. ISBN 9780300252057.
- Abu Zahra, N. The Pure and Powerful: Studies in Contemporary Muslim Society. Ithaca Press. 1997. ISBN 0863722695.
- Adamec, L.W. Historical Dictionary of Islam
Third. Rowman & Littlefield. 2017. ISBN 9781442277236. - Adibzadeh, S. The Journey of Beauty Towards Perfection: Zaynab Bint 'Alī Ibn Abī Tālib and the Model of Human Changes Towards Developing Attributes of Walīyat Allāh and al-Insān al-Kāmil (學位論文). Temple University. 2013. ProQuest 1416413849.
- Aghaie, K.S. Ta'ziya (Ta'ziyeh). Martin, R.C. (編). Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World 2. Macmillan Reference USA: 691. 2004a. ISBN 0028656059.
- Aghaie, K.S. The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi'i Symbols and Rituals in Modern Iran. University of Washington Press. 2004b. ISBN 0295984481.
- Aghaie, K.S. Introduction. Aghaie, K.S. (編). The Women of Karbala: Ritual Performance and Symbolic Discourses in Modern Shi'i Islam. University of Texas Press. 2005. ISBN 9780292709591.
- Amir-Moezzi, M.A. Ghadīr Khumm
. Fleet, K.; Krämer, G.; Matringe, D.; Nawas, J.; Rowson, E. (編). Encyclopaedia of Islam Third. 2014. ISBN 9789004269613. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419. - Aslan, R. No god but God: The Origins and Evolution of Islam. Random House. 2005. ISBN 1588364453.
- Bahramian, A.; Bulookbashi, Ali A. Al-'Abbās b. 'Alī. Madelung, W.; Daftary, F. (編). Encyclopaedia Islamica. 由Negahban, F.翻譯. 2015. doi:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0009.
- Blomfield, B. From Ritual to Redemption: Worldview of Shi'a Muslim Women in Southern California. Kassam, Z.R. (編). Women and Islam. ABC-CLIO. 2010: 303–324. ISBN 9780313082740.
- Buehler, A.F. Fatima (d. 632). Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, A.H. (編). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopaedia of the Prophet of God 1. ABC-CLIO: 182–187. 2014. ISBN 9781610691789.
- Calmard, J. 'Abbās b. 'Alī b. Abū Ṭāleb. Encyclopaedia Iranica I/1: 77–79. 1982. ISSN 2330-4804.
- Cortese, D.; Calderini, S. Women and the Fatimids in the World of Islam First. Edinburgh University Press. 2006. ISBN 9780748626298.
- Daftary, F. A History of Shi'i Islam. I.B. Tauris. 2013. ISBN 9780857723338.
- Deeb, L. An Enchanted Modern: Gender and Public Piety in Shi'i Lebanon. Princeton University Press. 2006. ISBN 9780691124216.
- Donner, F.M. Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam. Harvard University Press. 2010. ISBN 9780674064140.
- D'Souza, D. The Figure of Zaynab in Shi'i Devotional Life. Singh, D.E. (編). Spiritual Traditions: Essential Visions for Living. United Theological College. 1998: 201–225. ISBN 9788172144616.
- Esposito, J.L. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. 2003. ISBN 0195125584.
- Esposito, J.L. (編). Zaynab. The Islamic World: Past and Present. Oxford Reference. Oxford University Press. 2022. ISBN 9780197669471.
- Fedele, V. Fatima (605/15–632 CE). de-Gaia, S. (編). Encyclopedia of Women in World Religions. ABC-CLIO: 56. 2018. ISBN 9781440848506.
- Flaskerud, I. 'Oh, My Heart Is Sad. It Is Moharram, the Month of Zaynab' The Role of Aesthetics and Women's Mourning Ceremonies in Shiraz. Aghaie, K.S. (編). The Women of Karbala: Ritual Performance and Symbolic Discourses in Modern Shi'i Islam. University of Texas Press. 2005: 65–92. ISBN 9780292709591.
- Gleave, R.M. 'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib. Fleet, K.; Krämer, G.; Matringe, D.; Nawas, J.; Stewart, D.J. (編). Encyclopaedia of Islam Third. 2008. ISBN 9789004171374. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_26324.
- Haider, N. Shi'i Islam: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. 2014. ISBN 9781107031432.
- Halm, H. Shi'a Islam: From Religion to Revolution. Markus Wiener Publishers. 1999. ISBN 1558761349.
- Hamdar, A. Jihad of words: Gender and contemporary Karbala narratives. The Yearbook of English Studies. 2009, 39 (1): 84–100. doi:10.1353/yes.2009.0016.
- Hazleton, L. After the Prophet: The Epic Story of the Shia-Sunni Split in Islam. Doubleday. 2009. ISBN 9780385532099.
- Hawting, G.R. The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750 Second. Routledge. 2000. ISBN 0415240735.
- Hulmes, E.D.A. al-Hasan ibn 'Ali ibn Abi Talib (c. AD 625–69). Netton, I.R. (編). Encyclopaedia of Islamic Civilisation and Religion. Routledge: 218–219. 2008. ISBN 9780700715886.
- Hyder, S.A. Reliving Karbala: Martyrdom in South Asian Memory. Oxford University Press. 2006. ISBN 9780195373028.
- Jafri, S.H.M. Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam. Longman. 1979. ISBN 0582780802.
- Kassam, Z.; Blomfield, B. Remembering Fatima and Zaynab: Gender in Perspective. Daftary, F.; Sajoo, A.; Jiwa, S. (編). The Shi'i World: Pathways in Tradition and Modernity. I.B. Tauris. 2015. ISBN 9780857729675.
- Kennedy, H. The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century Third. Routledge. 2016. ISBN 9781138787612.
- Khetia, V. Fatima as a Motif of Contention and Suffering in Islamic Sources (學位論文). Concordia University. 2013.
- Kohlberg, E. Zayn al-'Ābidīn. Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (編). Encyclopaedia of Islam Second. 2012a. ISBN 9789004161214. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_8144.
- Kohlberg, E. S̲h̲amir (also al-S̲h̲amir, commonly S̲h̲imr) b. D̲h̲i 'l-D̲j̲aws̲h̲an. Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (編). Encyclopaedia of Islam Second. 2012b. ISBN 9789004161214. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_8893.
- Madelung, W. The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. 1997. ISBN 0521561817.
- Madelung, W. Ḥasan b. 'Ali b. Abi Ṭāleb. Encyclopaedia Iranica XII/1: 26–28. 2003. ISSN 2330-4804.
- Madelung, W. Ḥosayn b. 'Ali i. Life and Significance in Shi'ism. Encyclopaedia Iranica XII/5: 493–498. 2004. ISSN 2330-4804.
- Momen, M. An Introduction to Shi'i Islam. Yale University Press. 1985. ISBN 9780300035315.
- Munson, H. Islam and Revolution in the Middle East. Yale University Press. 1988. ISBN 0300041276.
- Nakash, Y. An Attempt to Trace the Origin of the Rituals of 'Āshūrā'. Die Welt des Islams. 1993, 33 (2): 161–181. doi:10.1163/157006093X00063.
- Nashat, G. Women in the Middle East: 9000 B.C.E.–C.E. 1800. Nashat, G.; Tucker, J.E. (編). Women in the Middle East and North Africa: Restoring Women to History. Indiana University Press. 1999: 5–72. ISBN 9780253212641.
- Nematollahi Mahani, M.A. The Holy Drama: Persian Passion Play in Modern Iran. Leiden University Press. 2013. ISBN 9789400600348.
- Osman, R. Female Personalities in the Qur'an and Sunna: Examining the Major Sources of Imami Shi'i Islam. Routledge. 2015. ISBN 9781315770147.
- Pinault, D. Zaynab bint 'Alī and the Place of the Women of the Households of the First Imāms in Shī'īte Devotional Literature. Hambly, G. (編). Women in the Medieval Islamic World: Power, Patronage, and Piety. Macmillan. 1998: 69–98. ISBN 9780333740965.
- Pinault, D. Horse of Karbala: Muslim Devotional Life in India. Palgrave. 2001. ISBN 0312216378.
- Pinault, D. Imami (Twelver). Martin, R.C. (編). Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World 2. Macmillan Reference USA: 624–628. 2004. ISBN 0028656059.
- Pinault, D. Zaynab bint 'Alī. Esposito, J.L. (編). Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford University Press. 2009. ISBN 9780199861255.
- Qutbuddin, T. Zaynab bint 'Alī. Jones, L. (編). Encyclopedia of Religion 14 Second. Macmillan Reference USA: 9937–9939. 2005. ISBN 002865983X.
- Qutbuddin, T. Fatima (al-Zahra') bint Muhammad (ca. 12 before Hijra–11/ca. 610–632). Meri, J.W. (編). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia 1. Routledge: 248–250. 2006. ISBN 9780415966917.
- Qutbuddin, T. Orations of Zaynab and Umm Kulthūm in the Aftermath of Ḥusayn's Martyrdom at Karbala: Speaking Truth to Power. Korangy, A.; Rouhi, L. (編). The 'Other' Martyrs: Women and the Poetics of Sexuality, Sacrifice, and Death in World Literatures. Harrassowitz Verlag. 2019: 103–132. ISBN 9783447112147.
- Sayeed, A. Zaynab. Smith, B.G. (編). The Oxford Encyclopedia Women in World History. Oxford University Press. 2008. ISBN 9780195337860.
- Sindawi, K. The Image of Ḥusayn ibn 'Alī in Maqātil Literature (PDF). Quaderni di Studi Arabi. 2002, 20/21: 79–104. JSTOR 25802958.
- Shah-Kazemi, R. 'Ali ibn Abi Talib. Meri, J.W. (編). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia 1. Routledge: 36–37. 2006. ISBN 9780415966917.
- Szanto, E. Sayyida Zaynab in the State of Exception: Shi'i Sainthood as 'Qualified Life' in Contemporary Syria. International Journal of Middle East Studies. 2012, 44 (2): 285–299. doi:10.1017/S0020743812000050.
- Tabatabai, S.M.H. Shi'ite Islam. 由Nasr, S.H.翻譯. State University of New York Press. 1975. ISBN 0873953908.
- Veccia Vaglieri, L. (al-)Ḥasan b. 'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib. Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (編). Encyclopaedia of Islam Second. 2012a. ISBN 9789004161214. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0272.
- Veccia Vaglieri, L. (al-)Ḥusayn b. 'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib. Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (編). Encyclopaedia of Islam Second. 2012b. ISBN 9789004161214. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0304.
- Veccia Vaglieri, L. Fāṭima. Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (編). Encyclopaedia of Islam Second. 2012c. ISBN 9789004161214. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0217.
- Walker, A.H. Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (c. 573–634). Fitzpatrick, C.; Walker, A.H. (編). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopaedia of the Prophet of God 1. ABC-CLIO: 1–4. 2014. ISBN 9781610691789.
- Wellhausen, J. Die religiös-politischen Oppositionsparteien im alten Islam. Weidmannsche Buchhandlung. 1901. OCLC 453206240 （德語）.
- Wellhausen, J. The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall. 由Graham Weir, M.翻譯. University of Calcutta. 1927. OCLC 752790641.
