草稿:各国开国领袖列表
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以下是现今世界主权国家的建国元勋列表，他们被国民誉为国家创始人。通常是在奠基国家治理体系（即政治制度、政府形式和宪法）方面，发挥过重要作用的人；也可能是领导民族解放战争或独立战争的军事领导人。
非洲
[编辑]阿尔及利亚
[编辑]艾哈迈德·本·贝拉领导民族解放阵线参与阿尔及利亚独立战争，并于1963年至1965年担任阿尔及利亚首任总统。
安哥拉
[编辑]阿戈什蒂纽·内图在安哥拉独立战争中，是安哥拉人民解放运动的主要领导人之一。1975年安哥拉从葡萄牙独立后，担任安哥拉首任总统，他的生日被定为国家英雄日。
贝宁
[编辑]博茨瓦纳
[编辑]塞雷茨·卡马原先是贝专纳保护国最大部落恩瓦托部落的酋长继承人，1951年被迫中止继承权并被流放，他在结束流放生涯后创立博茨瓦纳民主党，致力于独立运动。1966年博茨瓦纳共和国脱离英国正式独立，卡马担任首任总统。
布基纳法索
[编辑]莫里斯·亚梅奥果是法属上沃尔特首任上沃尔特裔总理，于1958年上任；并于1960年至1966年期间就任上沃尔特共和国首任总统。亚梅奥果曾经被剥夺政治权利，1970年桑古尔·拉米扎纳下令废除他的所有头衔，随后于1991年被布莱斯·孔波雷恢复为国家创始人。
1984年，上沃尔特总统托马斯·桑卡拉实施社会主义和反法改革的部分，将国名从“上沃尔特”改为“布基纳法索”，并采用其本人创作的国歌《Ditanyè》。2023年，布基纳法索总统易卜拉欣·特拉奥雷宣布桑卡拉是“民族英雄”，以及“真正的”国家创始人。[1]
布隆迪
[编辑]1962年7月1日，布隆迪王国脱离比利时托管宣布独立；1966年米歇尔·米孔贝罗夺权并宣布成立布隆迪共和国，担任首任总统。
喀麦隆
[编辑]阿赫马杜·阿希乔是喀麦隆共和国首任总统，任期从1960至1982年。
佛得角
[编辑]阿米尔卡·卡布拉尔是一位农业工程师、作家、民族主义思想家和政治领袖，非洲最重要的反殖民领袖之一。卡布拉尔领导几内亚比绍和佛得角群岛的民族主义运动，以及随后的几内亚比绍独立战争。1973年1月20日，即几内亚比绍单方面宣布独立的前几个月，他被人暗杀。他被认为是佛得角共和国的创始人。
阿里斯蒂德斯·马里亚·佩雷拉于1975年至1991年担任佛得角共和国首任总统。[来源请求]
中非共和国
[编辑]戴维·达科于1960年至1966年担任中非共和国首任总统，宪法将他描述为“国父”。[来源请求]
乍得
[编辑]弗朗索瓦·托姆巴巴耶是乍得共和国首任总统，任期从1960年至1975年。
刚果民主共和国
[编辑]帕特里斯·卢蒙巴、约瑟夫·卡萨武布、阿尔伯特·卡隆吉、让·柏利戡戈、克雷奥帕斯·卡米塔图和保罗·博利亚都被视为是刚果民主共和国的“独立之父”。[2]
埃及
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普遍的历史观点认为穆罕默德·阿里帕夏是现代埃及之父，他是自1517年奥斯曼征服以来，第一位被永久剥夺埃及门权力的统治者。虽然他在世时未能实现埃及的正式独立，但他成功地为现代埃及国家奠定基础。[3]
埃及独立的创始人萨德·扎格卢勒是一位政治家，曾经在埃及政府多个部门任职，也曾被英国政府关押到马耳他，后来回国参与1919年埃及革命。随后，扎格卢勒说服苏丹福阿德一世凭借良好的英埃关系，交涉英国给予埃及独立；并于1922年宣布独立为埃及王国，扎格卢勒担任埃及总理。1956年随着苏伊士运河国有化，英国结束在埃及的军事据点。
斯威士兰
[编辑]恩格瓦尼三世于1745年至1780年担任卡恩格瓦尼国王，带领史瓦帝人定居现在土地，被认为是现代斯威士兰的首任国王。
索布扎二世是斯威士兰于1968年9月6日从英国独立后第一任国王。
埃塞俄比亚
[编辑]孟尼利克一世是传说公元前10世纪的埃塞俄比亚始祖。耶库诺·阿姆拉克建立所罗门王朝，是1270年至1285年埃塞俄比亚帝国的建国皇帝。孟尼利克二世是现代埃塞俄比亚的开创者，奠定现在国家的边界。
1974年发生埃塞俄比亚内战，延续至1991年埃塞俄比亚人民革命民主阵线武装攻入首都，推翻门格斯图领导埃塞俄比亚人民民主共和国的独裁统治；1991年至1995年期间成立埃塞俄比亚过渡政府，梅莱斯·泽纳维担任临时总统；1995年8月21日，埃塞俄比亚新宪法生效，定现在的国名为“埃塞俄比亚联邦民主共和国”，泽纳维担任埃塞俄比亚总理，并因和平解决与厄立特里亚的边界争端，获得世界和平奖元首级的最高荣誉奖。
加纳
[编辑]克瓦米·恩克鲁玛于1957年领导加纳从英国独立，1960年至1966年期间担任加纳总统。
几内亚
[编辑]艾哈迈德·塞古·杜尔是几内亚裔政治领袖，1958年起担任几内亚总统，直至1984年去世。他是参与几内亚脱离法国统治，走向独立的主要几内亚民族主义者之一。
肯尼亚
[编辑]1963年肯尼亚从英国独立后，乔莫·肯尼亚塔担任共和国的首任总理（1963年至1964年）和总统（1964年至1978年）。他在茅茅起义期间，是积极争取独立的政治人物。
利比里亚
[编辑]约瑟·詹金斯·罗拔斯是一位非裔美国人后裔的自由人。1829年，他和家人移居利比里亚，与1820年以来美国殖民协会协助下，数千名重新定居的其他非裔美国人一起生活。1839年，罗拔斯成为利比里亚副总督，随后担任总督。他被称为利比里亚之父，1847年见证利比里亚独立，并成为首任总统。[4] 罗拔斯和非裔美国人定居者的后裔称为美洲裔利比里亚人。
利比亚
[编辑]伊德里斯一世是利比亚首任与唯一一任国王，1951年至1969年在位，他也是塞努西穆斯林教团的领袖。伊德里斯于1949年获得支持，宣布成立昔兰尼加酋长国；他还成为的黎波里塔尼亚的埃米尔，这是现在利比亚的三个传统区之一（第三个是费赞）。[5] 他在盟国的支持下将利比亚统一在单一君主制，1949年制定宪法，并于1951年10月通过。国民大会选举伊德里斯为国王，并于1951年12月24日宣布利比亚王国为独立国家。
摩洛哥
[编辑]第一个摩洛哥国家由伊德里斯一世于788年建立，至今统治摩洛哥的阿拉维王朝，于1631年由谢里夫·本·阿里建立。
苏丹穆罕默德五世于1956年宣布摩洛哥独立，并于1957年宣布自己为摩洛哥首任国王。
那米比亚
[编辑]- 萨姆·努乔马于1960年组建西南非洲人民组织，领导那米比亚人民反抗南非白人统治，并于1990年至2005年期间，担任那米比亚总统。
- 安丁巴·托伊沃·雅·托伊沃是反种族隔离活动家、西南非洲人民组织的联合创始人之一，积极参与前独立运动，是那米比亚解放斗争的标志性人物。
- 霍齐亚·库塔科是早期那米比亚民族主义领导者，创立首个民族主义政党西南非洲民族联盟，被许多人视为那米比亚民族之父。
- 亨德里克·维特布伊是1800年代末领导反抗德意志帝国的纳马酋长，其事迹发生在赫雷罗人和纳马人大屠杀事件；他于1905年10月29日阵亡，被许多那米比亚人视为民族英雄。
- 琼格尔·阿弗里卡纳是西南非洲欧尔冷人的酋长，他于1823年接替父亲成为酋长，不久就离开定居点，搬迁到现今那米比亚的中部地区，建立现今那米比亚境内首个具有国家雏形的政治实体。
尼日利亚
[编辑]- 赫伯特·麦考莱是尼日利亚政治家，被认为是尼日利亚民族主义的创始人。
- 埃约·伊塔是尼日利亚教育家和政治家，于1951年领导尼日利亚东部地区政府，并且是该国首位大学教授。
- 阿尔万·伊科库是尼日利亚教育家、政治家和活动家。
- 纳姆迪·阿齐基韦是尼日利亚第一共和国首任总统，致力推动尼日利亚于1960年迈向独立。
- 奥巴费米·阿沃洛沃是尼日利亚独立运动的主要领导者之一，1952年至1959年期间担任尼日利亚议会制下首位政府事务领导人、地方政府及财政部长，以及西部地区首任总理。
- 艾哈迈杜·贝洛是领导北部地区的保守派政治家，从1954年至1966年被暗杀为止，担任该地区的首任及唯一一任总理。
- 阿布巴卡尔·塔法瓦·巴勒瓦于1957年至1966年期间担任尼日利亚首任总理，积极推动尼日利亚于1960年从英国独立。
- 安东尼·埃纳霍罗是尼日利亚反殖民和民主运动推动者。
- 埃格伯特·乌多·乌多马是尼日利亚最高法院法官，并于1977年至1978年担任制宪会议主席。
- 阿米努·卡诺是激进反对派的政治领袖。
- S·A·阿贾伊是积极参与尼日利亚独立谈判的政治家。
- 约瑟夫·塔卡是联合中部地带大会的创始人之一，致力于保护和发展尼日利亚中带地区。
- 丹尼斯·奥萨德贝是尼日利亚中西部地区的首任总理。
以上都被认为是尼日利亚的创始人，奥巴费米·阿沃洛沃、纳姆迪·阿齐基韦和艾哈迈杜·贝洛作为三巨头，在芬米拉约·兰索姆-库蒂酋长等人协助下，向英国进行尼日利亚独立谈判。
塞内加尔
[编辑]现代塞内加尔的创始人是利奥波德·塞达尔·桑戈尔，他于1960年至1980年担任塞内加尔首任总统。[来源请求]
塞舌尔
[编辑]詹姆斯·曼卡姆于1976年至1977年担任塞舌尔首任总统，是非洲历史上最后一位白人总统之一。他自称为“塞舌尔开国元勋”，但这个头衔更常归功于他的社会主义继承者弗朗斯-阿尔贝·勒内，勒内领导塞舌尔成为非洲最民主和经济最稳定的国家之一。[来源请求]
塞拉利昂
[编辑]塞拉利昂首都弗里敦由非裔美国人士兵托马斯·彼得斯于1792年建立，他说服英国废奴主义者协助安置1,192名非裔，这些人为英国作战以换取自由。彼得斯与两位黑人大卫·乔治和摩西·威尔金森都对建设弗里敦发挥过贡献，但今天人们只记得彼得斯是对塞拉利昂真正有影响力的创建者。彼得斯和非裔美国人后裔已经成为塞拉利昂克里奥尔人（克里奥人）的一部分[6][7]，2011年弗里敦建立一座雕像纪念彼得斯。[8]
索马里
[编辑]1940年代以来，索马里青年联盟在推进索马里独立过程中，发挥着重要的作用。其中两位成员曾经先后担任索马里总统，即首任总统亚丁·达尔和第二任总统阿卜迪拉希德·舍马克，索马里首都摩加迪沙有几处纪念该组织参与独立运动的壁画和纪念碑。
索马里兰
[编辑]默罕默德·哈吉·易卜拉欣·埃加勒是索马里裔政治家，是1960年成立索马里兰国的创始人及总理，虽然这个国家仅存在短短五天，却得到35个国家的承认；1960年7月1日至12日，他担任索马里共和国的首任总理，并于1967年至1969年再度担任第四任总理；埃加勒于1993年至2002年去世为止，担任重新独立的索马里兰共和国第二任总统。
1991年5月18日，索马里兰原地宣布脱离索马里共和国，重新独立为索马里兰共和国，阿卜杜拉赫曼·艾哈迈德·阿里·图尔为首任总统。
南非共和国
[编辑]纳尔逊·曼德拉是南非总统，任期为1994年至1999年，他和弗雷德里克·威廉·戴克拉克共同领导种族融合和团结国家的谈判。
其他反种族隔离活动家包括：
南苏丹
[编辑]约翰·加朗是发起和领导南苏丹独立运动的主要人物，尽管他没能活着见证国家独立，但仍被广大群众称为“国父”。
萨尔瓦·基尔·马亚尔迪特于2011年担任南苏丹首任总统。
坦桑尼亚
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朱利叶斯·尼雷尔作为坦桑尼亚首任总统，是实现坦桑尼亚独立的主要人物，他经常被视为“国父”。[9]
突尼西亚
[编辑]哈比卜·布尔吉巴被认为是现代突尼斯的创建者，他于1956年担任总理，并领导突尼西亚从法国独立；随后废除君主制，并从1957年至1987年担任首任总统。他领导突尼西亚实现现代化，建设学校和医院，并赋予妇女比周边国家更好的人权，并且突尼西亚妇女至今仍然享有这些权利。[来源请求]
乌干达
[编辑]米尔顿·奥博特是乌干达裔政治领袖，1962年领导乌干达摆脱英国殖民统治，实现国家主权独立。随着乌干达迈向独立，他于1962年至1966年担任乌干达总理，并于1966年至1971年担任第二任总统，然后于1980年至1985年再度担任总统。
赞比亚
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肯尼思·卡翁达是领导赞比亚独立和统一的主要人物，他于1964年至1991年担任赞比亚首任总统。除此之外，西蒙·卡普韦普韦和哈里·恩昆布拉也是建国领袖，他们以不同身份领导国家迈向独立。
津巴布韦
[编辑]罗伯特·穆加贝是津巴布韦非洲民族联盟—爱国阵线（ZANU-PF）领导人，从1980年至20017年统治津巴布韦。
其他建国时期领袖包括：
- 雷卡伊·唐维纳
- 塞缪尔·帕里尼亚特瓦
- 约舒亚·恩科莫
- 利奥波德·塔卡维拉
- 西蒙·穆森达
- 纳达巴尼基·西索尔
- 赫伯特·奇特波
- 乔赛亚·唐戈加拉
- 伊诺斯·恩卡拉
- 埃德加·泰克雷
- 乔治·尼安多罗
- 詹姆斯·奇克雷马
- 所罗门·穆朱鲁
- 阿尔弗雷德·尼基塔·曼格纳
- 约西亚·通加米莱
- 贾森·莫约
- 乔治·斯伦迪卡
- 杜米索·达本瓦
- 卢考特·马苏库
美洲
[编辑]Argentina
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The military commander José de San Martín was one of the most important figures of the War of Independence (1810–1818) in Argentina, where he is known as the "Father of the Homeland" (Spanish: Padre de la Patria) and the date of his death (or "Passage to Immortality"; "Pasaje a la Inmortalidad in Spanish) is commemorated as a national holiday.[11] One of the main libertadores of the Spanish American wars of independence, San Martín played a crucial role in the expulsion of royalist forces not only from Argentina but also from Chile and Peru, where he is thus also celebrated as a national hero.[12] One of his most celebrated feats is the 1817 Crossing of the Andes, when he crossed the mountain range from present-day Argentina to present-day Chile, in a surprise attack on royalist forces.[13]
Manuel Belgrano, another important leader of the War of Independence and creator of the flag of Argentina, is also widely regarded as a national hero.[14]
María Remedios del Valle, an Afro-Argentine camp follower turned soldier who participated in the War of Independence, is regarded as the "Mother of the Homeland" (Spanish: Madre de la Patria).[15]
Bahamas
[编辑]Lynden Pindling is considered the "Father of the Nation". He served as first Prime Minister of the Bahamas from 1967 to 1992. Independence from United Kingdom was achieved in 1973.[来源请求]
Barbados
[编辑]Errol Barrow (1920–1987) is often referred to as the Father of Independence of Barbados.[16] Initially a World War II pilot and then a lawyer, he founded the Democratic Labour Party in 1955 after defecting from the Barbados Labour Party. He served as the third and final premier of Barbados (serving from 1961 to 1966) and lead Barbados to independence from the British Empire in 1966. He became the country's first prime minister and served two terms (1966–1976 and 1986–1987) and died in office from illness in 1987.
Belize
[编辑]George Cadle Price (1919–2011) is considered to be the Father of the Nation of Belize.[17][18] He served as head of government of British Honduras, later Belize from 1961 to 1984. Independence from United Kingdom was achieved in 1981.[来源请求]
Bolivia
[编辑]Simón Bolívar (1783–1830) and Antonio José de Sucre (1795–1830) are considered to be the founders of Bolivia.[来源请求]
Brazil
[编辑]
Pedro Álvares Cabral (1467/68–1520) commander of the first Portuguese fleet to arrive in South America.
José Bonifácio de Andrada (1763–1838), known as "Patriarch of Independence", is considered the maximum leader of the independence movement because of his intellectual mentorship and political prominence, and Pedro I of Brazil (1798–1834), son of the King João VI of Portugal, the symbol of the "center of force and union", according to the Bonifácio strategy.
Canada
[编辑]The name "Fathers of Confederation" is given to those who attended the Charlottetown and Quebec Conferences in 1864, and the London Conference of 1866, to establish the Canadian Confederation. There were 36 original Fathers of Confederation.[19]
Queen Victoria, who supported and encouraged this process, is known as the Mother of Confederation. She was the first Monarch under the 1867 Constitution and personally chose Ottawa as Canada's capital city. The political leaders who brought the other provinces into Confederation after 1867 are also referred to as "Fathers of Confederation".[20]
Caribbean Community
[编辑]Errol Barrow (Barbados: 1920–1987); Forbes Burnham (Guyana: 1923–1985); Michael Manley (Jamaica: 1924–1997); and Eric Williams (Trinidad and Tobago: 1911–1981) were the leaders who brought forth regional integration among the Caribbean Community.[21]
Chile
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Bernardo O'Higgins (1778–1842) and José Miguel Carrera (1785–1821) are usually considered the founders of Chile. Diego Portales (1793–1837) is sometimes considered due to his influence in the 1833 Constitution.[来源请求]
Colombia
[编辑]Simón Bolívar, was founder of Gran Colombia, which also included Panama, Ecuador, and Venezuela. Francisco de Paula Santander wrote the first constitution of Colombia. Antonio Nariño ("Precursor of the Independence") and Camilo Torres were the most relevant statesmen of the First Republic.
Costa Rica
[编辑]Juan Mora Fernández, first Head of State of Costa Rica.[22] José María Castro Madriz, First President of the Republic and proclaimed "Founder of the Republic" by Congress[23] Juan Rafael Mora Porras, President during Costa Rica's campaign against William Walker, proclaimed "Hero and Liberator" by Congress.
Cuba
[编辑]Carlos Manuel de Céspedes is considered the Cuban Founding Father. In 1868 he freed his slaves and declared the independence of Cuba, which began the Ten Years' War (1868–1878).
José Martí is a Cuban national hero.
Modern day Cuba was shaped by Fidel Castro with help from Che Guevara during the Cuban Revolution.
Dominican Republic
[编辑]Matías Ramón Mella (1816–1864), Juan Pablo Duarte (1813–1876) and Francisco del Rosario Sánchez (1817–1861) are considered the Fathers of the Country. Duarte is featured on the $1 coin and on the now discontinued $1 bill; Sanchez on the $5 coin and on the also discontinued $5 bill; Mella on the $10 coin and on the also discontinued $10 bill.
Ecuador
[编辑]Jose Joaquin Olmedo took this as a cue to declare Ecuador's independence at a junta in Guayaquil in 1820.
El Salvador
[编辑]José Matías Delgado is considered to be the "Father of the Salvadoran Fatherland".[24]
Guatemala
[编辑]In 1523, Pedro de Alvarado, a member of Hernán Cortés' group that conquered Mexico, was sent to conquer the area of land below Mexico that is known today as Guatemala.
Haiti
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Toussaint Louverture (1743–1803) and Jean-Jacques Dessalines (1758–1806) were revolutionary and early political leaders of Haiti. Henri Christophe and Alexandre Pétion were also important figures of early Haiti.
Honduras
[编辑]Founders of the Honduran Nation are José Cecilio del Valle (1777–1834), Dionisio de Herrera (1781–1850), Francisco Morazán (1792–1842), José Trinidad Reyes (1797–1855), and José Trinidad Cabañas (1805–1871).
Jamaica
[编辑]Norman Manley is particularly noted for his role in securing universal suffrage for the country's population in 1944 along with founding the People's National Party. Manley also served as Chief Minister of Jamaica from 1955 to 1962. Alexander Bustamante was an influential union leader and as founder of the Jamaican Labour Party. Bustamante served as the then colony's first Chief Minister from 1953 to 1955 and later went on to lead Jamaica to independence from the United Kingdom in 1962, becoming the country's first Prime Minister.
Mexico
[编辑]According to the decrees of the Congress of the Union of Mexico issued in 1822 and 1823,[25] the Mexican founders are Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (1753–1811), Ignacio Allende (1769–1811), Juan Aldama (1774–1811), Mariano Abasolo (1783–1816), José María Morelos (1765–1815), Mariano Matamoros (1770–1814), Leonardo Bravo (1764–1812), Miguel Bravo (unknown–1814), Hermenegildo Galeana (1762–1814), Mariano Jiménez (1781–1811), Xavier Mina (1789–1817), Pedro Moreno (1775–1817), and Víctor Rosales (1776–1817).
Nine of the thirteen founders are buried in the Monument to Independence in Mexico City.[26]
Nicaragua
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José Anacleto Ordóñez (1778–1839) is recognised as the "First Popular Caudillo of Nicaragua", as he led the state to independence by revolting against the pro Mexican government in 1823. Later he served as Head of State of Nicaragua within the Federal Republic of Central America.
José Núñez (1800–1880) and Joaquín del Cossío (1789–unknown) were the most important figures in Nicaragua's Independence, as they started the first and second transitional governments that declared to the State's Independence from the FRCA in 1838.
Fruto Chamorro (1804–1855) is considered as "Founder of the Republic", as he initiated the 1854 Constitution which formally declared Nicaragua a Republic.
Panama
[编辑]The first Spanish settlement in Panama was made in 1510. Then on 25 September 1513, Vasco Nunez de Balboa became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean (which he called the South Sea and which he claimed for Spain). Then in 1519 Pedro Arias de Avila founded Panama City.
Paraguay
[编辑]José Gaspár Rodríguez de Francia is considered the founder of Paraguay. He was named perpetual dictator as of the country's formation. Although he was the one that ended up ruling the country, Rodríguez de Francia was not the only prócer of the 1811 revolution, others include: Fulgencio Yegros, Pedro Juan Caballero, Fernando de la Mora, Mauricio José Troche and Vicente Ignacio Iturbe. Yegros also served as consul alongside Francia, shortly before being deposed by him.
General Andrés Rodríguez was the first democratically elected president of Paraguay, shortly after leading the 1989 coup that ended Alfredo Stroessner's dictatorship. This is why he is often considered the father of modern Paraguay.
Peru
[编辑]José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar led Peru to independence and forged the country.[27]
South America
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José de San Martín,[28] Simón Bolívar,[29] Antonio José de Sucre, Francisco de Paula Santander,[30] Francisco de Miranda[31] have been referred to as the founding fathers of the region comprising modern day Argentina, Chile, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia and Panama.
Uruguay
[编辑]José Gervasio Artigas is considered to be the founder of Uruguay. He was a staunch democrat and federalist, opposed to monarchism and centralism.
United States
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The single person most identified as "Father" of the United States is George Washington, a general in the American Revolution and the 1st President of the United States.[32][33][34] Washington was part of a larger group of revolutionaries known as the "Founding Fathers". Within the Founding Fathers, there are two key subsets, the Signers (who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776) and the Framers (who were delegates to the Federal Convention and took part in framing or drafting the proposed Constitution of the United States). Some historians have suggested a revised definition of the "Founding Fathers", including a significantly broader group of not only the Signers and the Framers but also all those who, whether as politicians, jurists, statesmen, soldiers, diplomats, and ordinary citizens took part in winning U.S. independence and creating the United States of America.[35]
American historian Richard B. Morris, in his 1973 book Seven Who Shaped Our Destiny: The Founding Fathers as Revolutionaries, identified the following seven figures as the key founders: John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and Washington.
Venezuela
[编辑]Simón Bolívar (1783–1830) is considered to be the founder not only of Venezuela, but of many of the region's countries as the Gran Colombia, which also included Panama, Ecuador, and Colombia. José Antonio Páez led the separation of Venezuela from the Gran Colombia and formed the modern statehood of the country. Scholars credit president Rómulo Betancourt as the founding father of modern democratic Venezuela, and Hugo Chávez as the founding father of modern democratic-dictatorship Venezuela.
亚洲
[编辑]Afghanistan
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Ahmad Shah Durrani (1723–1773) unified the Afghan tribes and founded Afghanistan in 1747.[36] His mausoleum is next to the Shrine of the Cloak in Kandahar, Afghanistan, where he is fondly known as Ahmad Shah Baba (Ahmad Shah the Father).
However, the founding father of modern Afghanistan is Mohammad Zahir Shah, the last King of Afghanistan. Due to this, the Afghan parliament gave him the title of "Father of the Nation."
Armenia
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- Hayk Nahapet is considered the traditional founder of Armenia to which he gave his namesake (Hayk/Hayastan) and occasionally as the ancestor to all Armenians. He was explained in the Movses Khorenatsi book "History of Armenia (book) to have established Armenia as a home for his people around Lake Van where Hayk and his people battled with and were then free from the tyranny of the Neo Assyrian Empire and Nimrod in 2492 BC.
- Aram Manukian is considered the founder of the First Republic of Armenia.[37][38][39][40][41]
Azerbaijan
[编辑]Mammad Amin Rasulzade (Azerbaijani: Məhəmməd Əmin Axund Hacı Molla Ələkbər oğlu Rəsulzadə, Turkish: Mehmed Emin Resulzâde; (1884–1955) was an Azerbaijani statesman, scholar, public figure and one of the founding political leaders of Azerbaijan Republic (1918–1920). His expression "Bir kərə yüksələn bayraq, bir daha enməz!" ("The flag once raised will never fall!") became the motto of the independence movement in Azerbaijan in the 20th century.
Bangladesh
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- The first Sultan of Bengal, Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah, is often credited for unifying the Bengal region (which he named Bangalah) under a single politico-social and linguistic identity (Bangali people) in 1352.[42]
- Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, known with the honorary title Bangabandhu, is considered by many as the founding father of Bangladesh. He led Bengali nation to the decade long struggle for independence against then autocratic rule of Pakistan, finally resulting in the Bangladesh Liberation War and the independence of Bangladesh in 1971.[43]
- Abul Kasem Fazlul Huq, Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy and Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani are considered as three primary founders of Bangladesh, who shaped the Bengali nationalism since the days of British rule.
Apart from the founding leaders, the four key members of the Liberation Wartime government vice-president Syed Nazrul Islam, prime minister Tajuddin Ahmad, finance minister Muhammad Mansur Ali and home minister Abul Hasnat Muhammad Qamaruzzaman (altogether known as 'Four National Leaders') and the Liberation Wartime armed forces chief Muhammad Ataul Gani Osmani are hailed as vital figures in Bangladesh's independence.
Bhutan
[编辑]Ngawang Namgyal (1594–1651) fled Tibet and unified the fiefdoms of Bhutan. He established the dual system of shared power between secular and Buddhist leadership that continues as a tradition to the present.
Brunei
[编辑]According to local historiography, the country of Brunei was founded by Awang Alak Betatar, later to be Sultan Muhammad Shah, reigning around AD 1400.
Cambodia
[编辑]Kaundinya I was the founder of ancient Khmer kingdom of Funan.
Jayavarman II (770–850) was the founder of the Khmer Empire.
Norodom Sihanouk (1922–2012) declared Cambodia's independence from France in 1953 and is regarded as the nation's founding father.
China
[编辑]The Yellow Thearch is revered as the legendary initiator of Chinese civilization, one of the cradles of civilization.[44]
Yu the Great is conventionally regarded as having inaugurated dynastic rule in China by establishing the Xia dynasty, the first orthodox dynasty of China, in circa 2070 BC.[45]
In 221 BC, the State of Qin completed the conquest of the various Chinese kingdoms of the Warring States period and formed the first unified Chinese empire, the Qin dynasty.[46] Its monarch then took the title of Huángdì (皇帝; "Emperor") to reflect his prestigious status vis-à-vis prior rulers, thus becoming Qin Shi Huang.[46]
Sun Yat-sen was the founding father of the Republic of China and served as its first provisional president. He was officially conferred the title of Guófù (國父; "Father of the Nation") by the Nationalist government in AD 1940.[47] Today, he is still officially recognized as such in the Taiwan Area where the Republic of China continues to rule, while the People's Republic of China considers him the Gémìng Xiānxíngzhě (革命先行者; "Forerunner of the Revolution").[48]
Mao Zedong is regarded as the founder of the People's Republic of China,[49] even though the state has yet to officially confer the title "Father of the Nation" upon anyone.[50]
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Cyprus
[编辑]Makarios III (1913–1977), archbishop and primate of the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Church of Cyprus (1950–1977), and first president of Cyprus (1960–1977), is widely regarded by Greek Cypriots as the Father of the Nation or "Ethnarch".[51]
Conversely, Rauf Denktaş (1924–2012), under Makarios III second and last Vice President of Cyprus (1973–1974), and first President of Northern Cyprus (1983–2005), is considered the founding father of Northern Cyprus.[52]
East Turkistan
[编辑]Sabit Damolla is considered the father of the nation and one of the most prominent leaders of the East Turkistan independence movement. He organized the Kumul Rebellion which erupted in 1931 into a full national liberation movement and served as the Prime Minister of the First East Turkestan Republic from 1933 to 1934.
India
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Mahatma Gandhi (1869–1948) is considered the father of the nation and the most prominent leaders of the Indian independence movement.[53][54] He is featured on the Indian rupee.
Indonesia
[编辑]The 4 general founders of Indonesia are generally considered to be Mohammad Hatta, Sukarno, Sutan Syahrir and Tan Malaka.[55] Sukarno is considered to be a founding father by some Indonesians, although he had an authoritarian rule during the time of his presidency. Mohammad Hatta is generally considered as one of the more democratic founder of Indonesia. They both signed the Proclamation of Independence, proclaiming the independence of Indonesia from the Netherlands on 17 August 1945. A day later, they were elected respectively as the first President and Vice President of Indonesia.
As the Netherlands did not recognize the proclamation of independence immediately, both of them were prominent figures and were seen as symbol of unity among Indonesian people to fight against Dutch during the National Revolution from 1945 to 1949. In August 1949, Hatta headed a delegation to The Hague for a Round Table Conference which then led to the recognition of Indonesian independence by the Netherlands on 27 December 1949.[56]
Iran
[编辑]Cyrus the Great (600–530 BC) was the founder of the First Persian Empire under the Achaemenid dynasty. Many Iranians gather at his tomb in Pasargadae annually on the Cyrus the Great Day and Nowruz, the Persian New Year. Prior to the 1979 Revolution the 2,500th year of Foundation of Imperial State of Iran took place. It consisted of an elaborate set of festivities that took place on 12–16 October 1971 on the occasion of the 2,500th anniversary of the founding of the Imperial State of Iran and First Persian Empire by Cyrus the Great.[57][58] The intent of the celebration was to demonstrate Iran's old civilization and history to showcase its contemporary advancements under Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the last Shah of Iran.[59][60]
Ruhollah Khomeini is considered the founder of the modern Islamic Republic of Iran.[61]
Israel
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Theodor Herzl is considered the founder of political Zionism, the modern ideology that institutionalized the longstanding Jewish desire to return to the homeland, which eventually lead to the founding of Israel decades later.
David Ben-Gurion was the first Prime Minister of Israel, and is often considered an important founding figure as well as a leader of Labor Zionism, Israel's founding ideology. Ben-Gurion lead Israel for a total of thirteen years and is today admired by both the left and the right.
Other figures include Moshe Dayan, who became a war hero and symbol of the Israel Defense Forces and Eliezer Ben-Yehuda who led the revival of the Hebrew language.
Japan
[编辑]Emperor Jimmu（神武天皇，Jinmu-tennō） (traditional reign 660–585 BC) was the first emperor of Japan,[62] according to the traditional order of succession.[63] The Japanese national holiday National Foundation Day（建国記念の日，Kenkoku Kinen no Hi） is celebrated annually on 11 February in commemoration of the founding of the nation of Japan and the ascension of Emperor Jimmu to the imperial throne.[64]
Jordan
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Abdullah bin Al-Hussain was the founder and ruler of the Jordanian realm from 11 April 1921 until his assassination on 20 July 1951.
He was the Emir of Transjordan, a British protectorate, until 25 May 1946,[65][66] after which he was the king of an independent Jordan. He was a 38th-generation direct descendant of Muhammad, as he belongs to the Hashemite family.
Kazakhstan
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There is no law in the country which officially recognizes a single individual as the "Father of the Nation". Either title may be associated with any of the following prominent historical persons, owing to their impact on the country during their respective times.
Alikhan Bukeikhanov (1866–1937) was a Kazakh statesman, politician, publicist, teacher, writer and environmental scientist. He was leader and founder of the Alash Orda national liberation movement. He sided with the westernizers in the Kazakh political scene who were promoting the idea of the Western culture into the Kazakh steppe. In 1920, after the establishment of Soviet hegemony, Bukeikhanov joined the Bolshevik party and returned to scientific life. His earlier political activities caused the authorities to view him with suspicion, leading to arrests in 1926 and 1928. In 1926, Bukeikhanov was arrested on the charge of counter-revolutionary activity and put into Butyrka prison in Moscow. But due to the lack of evidence in the criminal case against him, he was released from prison. In 1930, the authorities banished him to Moscow, where he was arrested a final time in 1937 and executed.
Dinmukhamed Kunayev (1912–1993) was a Kazakh Soviet communist politician. He became first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan again in 1964 when Khrushchev was ousted and replaced by Brezhnev. He kept his position for twenty-two more years. He was an alternate member of the Politburo from 1967, and a full member from 1971 to 1987. During Kunayev's long rule, Kazakhs occupied prominent positions in the bureaucracy, economy and educational institutions. A Brezhnev loyalist, he was removed from office under pressure from Mikhail Gorbachev, who accused him of corruption. On 16 December 1986 the Politburo replaced him with Gennady Kolbin, who had never lived in the Kazakh SSR before. This provoked street riots in Almaty, which were the first signs of ethnic strife during Gorbachev's tenure. In modern Kazakhstan, this revolt is called Jeltoqsan, meaning December in Kazakh.
Nursultan Nazarbayev was elected the nation's first president following its independence from the Soviet Union in December 1991. In 2010 Parliament of Kazakhstan named him Елбасы (Elbasy) which means "Leader of the Nation".
North Korea
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Kim Il-sung was the founder of North Korea. He ruled from 1948 to 1994. After his death, he was declared as the Eternal President of North Korea in 1998.
South Korea
[编辑]Dangun, the legendary first king of Gojoseon, is venerated in Korea as the founder of the Korean nation and peoples. His legendary birthday and the day he founded Gojoseon is celebrated as National Foundation Day (개천절), which falls on 3 October. There have been many founders throughout history such as Lee Seonggye, Taejo Wang Geon, and Dongmyeong the great.
There is no official founding father of South Korea who is generally accepted nor acknowledged by the government, though some figures like Syngman Rhee or Kim Ku are proposed as the father of his country.
Kuwait
[编辑]The first recorded ruler of Kuwait was Sheikh Abu Salman Sabah. However, Sheikh Mubarak Al-Kabir is known as the founder of the modern state of Kuwait. He was instrumental in moving the country away from the Ottoman Empire and toward British influence.
Laos
[编辑]Fa Ngum is widely considered a founding father of the Lao people. In present-day Laos, Kaysonne Phomvihane and Prince Souphanouvoung are considered the fathers of the Marxist–Leninist state.
Malaysia
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Tunku Abdul Rahman (1903–1990) usually known as "the Tunku" (a princely title in Malaysia), and also called Bapa Kemerdekaan (Father of Independence) or Bapa Malaysia (Father of Malaysia), was Chief Minister of the Federation of Malaya from 1955, and the country's first Prime Minister from independence in 1957. He remained Prime Minister after Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore joined in 1963 to form Malaysia.
Mongolia
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Genghis Khan (c. 1162–1227), who by uniting the nomadic tribes founded the Mongol Empire, is generally regarded as the father of modern-day Mongolia.[来源请求] Although downcast during the communist-era, Genghis Khan's reputation surged after the democratic revolution in 1990.
Myanmar
[编辑]Anawrahta is considered to be founder of ancient Burmese Kingdom of Pagan.
General Aung San is the founder of modern Burma (also known as Myanmar). Although he did not live to see the country's independence, he is credited in forming the basic structure of the independence movement and government. Aung San started his political career in 1930 as the editor of Rangoon University's newspaper – where he accused one of the colonial administrators in Burma of misconduct. In late 1940 he went to Japanese controlled Taiwan and Xiamen to receive military training, and he led the Burma Independence Army, spearheading the Japanese invasion of Burma. Later, he switched sides to the Allies, and helped in the Burma campaign. After the war, he was appointed to the government of a returning British administration, and was able to negotiate Burma's independence. He helped organized the Panglong Agreement in February 1947, achieving independence for all Burmese territories. However, on Saturday, 19 July 1947, Aung San, along with his cabinet ministers, was assassinated at the secretariat building in Rangoon.
U Nu served as first Prime Minister of Myanmar from 1948 to 1956.
General Ne Win was one of the founders of Tatmadaw. On 1962, 15 years after the independence, he led a military coup that brought him to power. Ne Win established the Burmese Way to Socialism which ruled Burma for 26 years.
Nepal
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Prithvi Narayan Shah was largely responsible for the unification of Nepal, and is considered to be the founder of Nepal. His vision of ruling over a unified Nepal is said to have started when atop a hill near Nepa Valley (Present day Kathmandu), he decided he would like to rule over it. His strategic plan was very successful and his successors continued to build on his progress.[67] Prithvi Narayan Shah's descendants continued to rule over Nepal for a total of 240 years before the 2006 democracy movement in Nepal toppled the constitutional power exercised by King Gyanendra, before abolishing the monarchy in 2008.
Oman
[编辑]Sultan Qaboos bin Said changed the name of the country from the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman to simply Oman.
Pakistan
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Pakistan's founder is Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who is hailed as Quaid-e-Azam or "Great Leader" and Baba-e-Qaum or Father of Nation. He founded not only the Islamic Republic of Pakistan but is credited for creating an entirely new nation state. Other prominent founders include the poet Muhammad Iqbal or spiritual Father, believed to be the first person to propagate the idea of a state for India's Muslims, Fatima Jinnah (Mother of nation) and members of Pakistan's first Cabinet such as Liaquat Ali Khan, A. K. Fazlul Huq, Abdul Rab Nishtar, Malik Feroze Khan Noon, Khwaja Nazimuddin and I. I. Chundrigar.
Some historians credit the Muslim reformist Sir Syed Ahmad Khan as a founder of Pakistan because he provided the Two-Nation Theory which played a central role in the perception of Pakistan and its Muslim nationalist ideology largely based on Iqbal's philosophy and views.
Palestine
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Palestinian political leader Yasser Arafat has been considered by some commentators as being the "founding father" of Palestine.[68][69] Born in 1929 in Cairo, Egypt, Arafat soon became a supporter of Arab nationalism and anti-Zionism; in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, he fought alongside the Muslim Brotherhood against the newly independent State of Israel.[70] From 1969 until 2004, he served as the chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), a Palestinian nationalist organization which engaged in a numerous guerrilla conflicts with the Israel Defense Forces during the second half of the 20th century.[71]
Beginning from 1983 onwards, Arafat based himself in Tunisia and switched to a tactic of negotiating with the Israeli government, acknowledging Israel's right to exist in a UN resolution and supporting a two-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Arafat engaged in a series of negotiations with the Israeli government to end the conflict between it and the PLO, including the Madrid Conference of 1991, the 1993 Oslo Accords and the 2000 Camp David Summit.[72] In 1994, he returned to Palestine and promoted self-government for the Palestinian territories, receiving the Nobel Peace Prize the same year. Among Palestinians, Arafat is viewed as a martyr who symbolized the national aspirations of his people.[73]
Philippines
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There is no law in the Philippines which officially recognizes any single individual as the "Father of the Nation". Either title may be associated with any of the following prominent historical persons, owing to their impact on the country during their respective times: José Rizal (1861–1896) was a Filipino nationalist during the tail end of the Spanish colonial period of the Philippines. An ophthalmologist by profession, Rizal became a writer and a key member of the Filipino Propaganda Movement which advocated political reforms for the colony under Spain. He was executed by the Spanish colonial government for the crime of rebellion after an anti-colonial revolution, inspired in part by his writings, broke out. Though he was not actively involved in its planning or conduct, he ultimately approved of its goals which eventually led to Philippine independence. He is widely considered one of the greatest heroes of the Philippines, and is implied by Philippine law to be one of the national heroes. He was the author of the novels Noli Me Tángere, and El Filibusterismo, and a number of poems and essays. Andrés Bonifacio (1863–1897) rebel leader during the Philippine Revolution in 1896, which saw armed resistance against the Spanish Empire. Emilio Aguinaldo (1869–1964) Military Leader with the highest rank of Generalissimo of the Philippine Revolution and first president of the Philippines through the 1899 Malolos Congress, which oversaw the promulgation of the Malolos Constitution. Manuel Roxas (1892-1948) served as first President of independent Philippines from 1946 to 1948.
Qatar
[编辑]Sheikh Jassim Bin Mohammed Bin Thani is the founder of the State of Qatar. He was a military leader, judge and scholar, knight and poet possessing both gallantry and magnanimity.
Saudi Arabia
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Abdulaziz Al Saud, also known as Ibn Saud, is the founding father of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. He served as first King from 1932 to 1953.
Singapore
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Lee Kuan Yew (1923–2015), often referred to by his initials "LKY", was the first prime minister of the Republic of Singapore, governing for three decades, from 1959 to 1990. Lee has helped to build the economy from a third world country to a first world country and turned Singapore into a metropolis after the separation from Malaysia in 1965.
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Sri Lanka
[编辑]Prince Vijaya is considered to be the first King of Sri Lanka with Dutugemunu honored as the first king to unify Sri Lanka. D. S. Senanayake (1883–1952) is widely known as the modern (post independence) father of the nation. William Gopallawa (1896–1981) was the first Constitutional President while J. R. Jayewardene (1906–1996) was the first Executive President.
Thailand
[编辑]- Si Inthrathit (1238 - 1270) was the founder of Sukhothai Kingdom, the first Thai kingdom.
- Naresuan (1590–1605), who retook most of Siam from the Burmese
- Taksin the Great (1734–1782), who reunited Siam following the collapse of the Ayutthaya Kingdom.
- Rama I (1737–1809), founder of the Rattanakosin Kingdom and the first monarch of the reigning Chakri dynasty of Siam.
Turkey
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- Alp Arslan (1029–1072) was the second Sultan of the Seljuk Empire. He greatly expanded the Seljuk territory and consolidated his power, defeating rivals to the south and northwest, and his victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert, in 1071, ushered in the Turkoman settlement of Anatolia.
- Osman I (1258–1324), was the leader of the Kayi tribe and the founder of the Ottoman dynasty.
- Mehmed the Conqueror (1432–1481), was an Ottoman sultan who ruled from August 1444 to September 1446, and then later from February 1451 to May 1481. When he ascended the throne again in 1451 he strengthened the Ottoman navy and made preparations to attack Constantinople. At the age of 21, he conquered Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) and brought an end to the Byzantine Empire.
- Mahmud II (1785–1839) was the 30th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808 until his death in 1839. His reign is recognized for the extensive administrative, military, and fiscal reforms he instituted, which culminated in the Decree of Tanzimat ("reorganization"). Mahmud's reforms included the 1826 abolition of the conservative Janissary corps, which removed a major obstacle to his and his successors' reforms in the Empire. The reforms he instituted were characterized by political and social changes, which would eventually lead to the birth of the modern Turkish Republic.
- Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–1938) was the founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey. Following the First World War, the huge conglomeration of territories and peoples that formerly comprised the Ottoman Empire was divided into several new states. The Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923), initiated by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his colleagues in Anatolia, resulted in the establishment of the modern Republic of Turkey (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti) in 1923.[74] He subsequently introduced many radical reforms with the aim of transforming the old multinational Ottoman state into a new secular republic.[75]
United Arab Emirates
[编辑]Initially independent emirates part of the Trucial states, Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan established the United Arab Emirates by joining the seven independent emirates into a federation.
Uzbekistan
[编辑]In Uzbekistan, no single individual is officially recognized as the "Founder of the Nation." However, different figures have been viewed as founders of Uzbekistan during various eras throughout history.
Amir Timur is widely regarded as the main historical hero for modern Uzbekistan, as he founded the Timurid Empire and made significant contributions to the development of Uzbek Statehood.
Another significant historical figure, Muhammad Shaybani, is considered to be a significant founder of the nation due to his proximity in time to the establishment of the Uzbek state. He was an Uzbek leader who consolidated various Uzbek tribes and laid the foundations for their ascendance in Transoxiana and the establishment of the Khanate of Bukhara.
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And Fayzulla Xoʻjayev was the founder of modern Uzbekistan. He first head of the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic, which would later form part of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic. He became well known in the early 20th century as an advocate for Uzbekistani independence and as a leader of the Jadidist movement. This movement aimed to modernize and secularize Islamic society in Central Asia.
Khodzhayev's political career was marked by several challenges, including periods of exile and imprisonment. In 1920, he briefly served as the first prime minister of the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic. As Prime Minister, Khodjaev implemented a series of reforms aimed at promoting industrialization and collectivization in Uzbekistan. He also supported efforts to promote Uzbek culture and language, including the establishment of a national theater and the publication of a national encyclopedia. Khodjaev's political career came to an abrupt end in 1937, when he was arrested as part of Joseph Stalin's Great Purge. He was accused of espionage and treason and was executed in 1938. Today, Khodjaev is remembered as an important figure in the history of Uzbekistan and as a symbol of the complex relationship between the Central Asian republics and the Soviet Union. His legacy continues to be debated, with some seeing him as a progressive reformer and others as a Soviet stooge who contributed to the suppression of Uzbek national identity.
Vietnam
[编辑]Kinh Dương Vương – Lạc Long Quân and the Hùng Kings were the founders of the Hồng Bàng dynasty – the first dynasty of Vietnam and laid the foundation to form the country of Vietnam.
Yemen
[编辑]Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din ruled as first independent King of Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen from 1918 to 1948.
欧洲
[编辑]Albania
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Ismail Kemal (24 January 1844 – 26 January 1919) was a distinguished leader of the Albanian national movement at the beginning of the 20th century, founder of the modern Albanian state in 1912, and its first prime minister and head of state and government.
Andorra
[编辑]The first Co-Princes of Andorra were Roger-Bernard III, Count of Foix and Pere d'Urtx, Bishop of Urgell, who signed the Paréage, which gave them joint sovereignty over Andorra in 1278.
Austria
[编辑]Karl Renner, who was the first Chancellor of Austria and the first post-war President of Austria after World War II, is often referred to as the "Father of the Republic" due to his leadership of the First Austrian Republic, and for playing a decisive role in establishing the present Second Austrian republic.
Belarus
[编辑]- Kastuś Kalinoŭski was a revolutionary, publicist and poet, was one of the leaders of the failed January Uprising 1863 – 1864 on the territory of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania on the territory of the Russian Empire.
- Janka Kupała was a Belarusian poet and writer of the early 20th century, a major writer and one of the founders of Belarusian national literature. Author of the slogan Žyvie Bielaruś!, which is still used today.
- Vaclaŭ Lastoŭski was a leading figure of the Belarusian independence movement in the early 20th century and the Prime Minister of the Belarusian Democratic Republic from 1919 to 1923
Belgium
[编辑]Though there is no official founding father of Belgium, the leaders of the Belgian Revolution, Charles Rogier and Erasme Louis Surlet de Chokier, as well as the first King of the Belgians, Leopold I, were key figures in the independence of Belgium from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
[编辑]- Tvrtko I of Bosnia was the founder of the first Bosnian Kingdom.[来源请求]
- Husein-kapetan Gradaščević led the revolt against the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II who fought for an autonomous Bosnian State. [来源请求]
Bulgaria
[编辑]Mythical rulers of Bulgaria date back as far as 3rd millennium BC.
Medieval
[编辑]- Avitohol (?–453? AD), who researchers claim to be the mythical Attila, is the first name in the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans. He was from the Dulo clan and was succeeded by his son Ernak or Irnik (the second name mentioned in the Nominalia).[76]
- Kubrat (606–665) was the founder of the powerful Great Bulgaria in 632 AD.
- Asparuh (around 640–701) is the most venerated national founder of Bulgaria. He was a son of Kubrat and started attacking and moving southwest of Old Great Bulgaria, towards the Lower Danube in Southeast Europe. Victorious over the Eastern Roman Empire, he established the First Bulgarian Empire in 680–681. Modern day Bulgaria is a direct successor of this state. Asparukh's brother Batbayan stayed ruling the core territories to the north, while Kotrag migrated further north and founded Volga Bulgaria.
- Krum the Fearsome (8th century – 814) – prominent ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire. During his reign the Bulgarian territory doubled in size, spreading from the middle Danube to the Dnieper and from Odrin to the Tatra Mountains. His able and energetic rule brought law and order to Bulgaria and developed the rudiments of state organization, thus he is regarded as an important national founder.[77][78]
- Boris I (9th century-2 May 907) officially Christianized Bulgaria in 864, a significant event that shaped the History of Bulgaria and Europe. The historian Steven Runciman called him one of the greatest persons in history.[79] His son and grandson, tsar Simeon I the Great and tsar Petar I, are also considered as having an important role in the formation and strengthening of the Bulgarian state and nationality.
- Samuil (997–1014) – energetic emperor (tsar) that restored Bulgarian might in Southeast Europe, and although the Empire was disestablished after his death, he is regarded as a heroic ruler in Bulgaria,[80][81] as well as in North Macedonia.[82]
- Ivan Asen I, Peter IV and Kaloyan are the three brothers tsars that reestablished Bulgaria after a major uprising (1185–1204).
- Euthymius of Tarnovo – Patriarch of Bulgaria between 1375 and 1393. Regarded as one of the most important figures of medieval Bulgaria, Euthymius was the last head of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church in the Second Bulgarian Empire. Arguably the best esteemed of all Bulgarian patriarchs, Euthymius was an authoritative figure in the Eastern Orthodox world of the time.
Modern
[编辑]- Petar Bogdan (1601–1674)
- Paisius of Hilendar (1722–1773)
- Petar Beron (1799–1871))
- Georgi Rakovski (1821–1867)
- Dragan Tsankov (1828–1911)
- Lyuben Karavelov (1834–1879)
- Vasil Levski (1837–1873)
- Ekzarh Yosif (1840–1915)
- Vasil Drumev (1841–1901)
- Georgi Benkovski (1843–1876)
- Petko Karavelov (1943–1903)
- Hristo Botev (1848–1876)
- Zahari Stoyanov (1850–1889)
- Ivan Vazov (1850–1921)
- Stefan Stambolov (1851–1895)
Croatia
[编辑]- Višeslav was one of the first dukes of Croatia, and the early attested by name.
- Tomislav is celebrated as the first king of Croatia and the founder of the first united Croatian state.
- Ante Starčević, has been referred to as Father of the Nation due to his campaign for the rights of Croats within Austria-Hungary and his propagation of a Croatian state in a time where many politicians sought unification with other South Slavs.
- Franjo Tuđman, first President of the Republic of Croatia 1990–99.[83] Sometimes referred to as and self-proclaimed "Father of the Nation".[84]
Cyprus
[编辑]Makarios III (1913–1977), archbishop and primate of the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Church of Cyprus (1950–1977), and first president of Cyprus (1960–1977), is widely regarded by Greek Cypriots as the Father of the Nation or "Ethnarch".[51]
Conversely, Rauf Denktaş (1924–2012), under Makarios III second and last Vice President of Cyprus (1973–1974), and first President of Northern Cyprus (1983–2005), is considered the founding father of Northern Cyprus.[52]
Czech Republic
[编辑]- Czech, one of three mythical Slavic brothers who appear together in the Wielkopolska Chronicle, is considered the founder of the Czech nation.
- Bořivoj I, Duke of Bohemia, one of the first monarchs of the Duchy of Bohemia and the early attested by name.
- Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia, main patron saint of the country. Anniversary of his murder on 28 September is celebrated as Statehood Day.
- Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia, who is known under honorific title Father of the Homeland.
- František Palacký, politician and historian, influential in Czech National Revival movement, known by title Father of the Nation.
- Tomáš Masaryk, founder and first president of Czechoslovakia, which independence on 28 October 1918 is today celebrated as factical Independence Day.
- Václav Havel, founder of the Civic Forum party that played a major role in the Velvet Revolution that in 1989 toppled the Communist system in Czechoslovakia, was the last (and first democratically elected) president of Czechoslovakia from 1989 until the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1992, and the first president of the Czech Republic from 1993 to 2003.
Denmark
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- Dan (king) (or Halfdan) is the name of the legendary earliest king of the Danes and Denmark, mentioned in medieval Scandinavian texts. He is said to be the progenitor of the nation and the Danish Royal House according to Saxo Grammaticus's Gesta Danorum.
- Gorm the Old, the first recorded ruler of Denmark, reigning from c. 936 to his death c. 958. The current King Frederik X of Denmark can trace his heritage back to Gorm the Old. He is called the founder of the kingdom of Denmark, though at the time he did not control the whole country, only Jutland.
- Harald Bluetooth was the son of Gorm the old and the first to unite Denmark into a single country by uniting the tribes. Harald ruled as king of Denmark from c. 958 – c. 986. He was baptized and the first Christian king of Denmark and helped Christianize the Danes, which is proclaimed on the Jelling stone.
- Niels Ebbesen was a Danish squire and national hero who liberated Denmark, which had been patented away to German barons and landlords. He is known for his killing of Gerhard III, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg in 1340, and in doing so returning control of Jutland and Funen back to the Danish king.
Estonia
[编辑]Edgar Savisaar served as first post-Soviet Prime Minister of Estonia from 1991 to 1992.
Finland
[编辑]Pehr Evind Svinhufvud served as first Prime Minister of Finland from 1917 to 1918.
France
[编辑]- Vercingetorix: he united the Gauls in a revolt against Roman forces during the last phase of Julius Caesar's Gallic Wars.
- Clovis I: King of the Salian Franks (481–509), King of the Franks (509–511); united all the Frankish tribes in Gaul and gave them a common Catholic religion.
- Charlemagne: King of the Franks (768–814), Holy Roman Emperor (800–814), King of the Lombards (774–814); considered as a major founding figure of Europe.
- Napoleon I: First Consul of France (1799–1804), first President of the Italian Republic (1802–1805), King of Italy (1805–1814), Emperor of the French (1804–1814); founded the First French Empire and established many modern French institutions.
- Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, later known as Emperor Napoleon III (1852–1870) was the first French President (1848–1852). He was the last Monarch of France.
- Charles de Gaulle is a hero of the French resistance to Germany during World War II, and the founder and first president (1959–1969) of the Fifth French Republic.
Georgia
[编辑]- Pharnavaz I (329—237 BC), 1st monarch of the Kingdom of Iberia
- Bagrat III (960—1014), 1st monarch of the united Kingdom of Georgia
- Noe Ramishvili (1881—1930), 1st Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of Georgia
- Zviad Gamsakhurdia (1939—1993), 1st President of Georgia
Germany
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Before the national unification of Germany in 1871, German nationalists sought out multiple legendary founders of the German nation, such as Arminius, Charlemagne and – as championed by Friedrich Ludwig Jahn and Richard Wagner – Henry the Fowler. Otto von Bismarck (1815–1898), the "Iron Chancellor", engineered the unification of the numerous states of Germany in 1871.[来源请求]
Frederick Barbarossa has, from time to time, been cited as the father and hero of the German people. According to a Germanic medieval legend, Barbarossa was not dead but asleep, and would awaken in the hour of Germany's greatest need and restore the nation to its former glory. [85] This idea gained prominence among German Nationalist movements in the 19th and 20th century. During the German Empire, Kaiser Wilhelm I was declared the reincarnation of Frederick.[86][87] In 1937, Adolf Hitler praised Barbarossa as the emperor who first expressed Germanic cultural ideas and carried them to the outside world through his imperial mission; he would later name his invasion of the Soviet Union.[88]
Modern, democratic Germany was decisively shaped by the "Fathers of the Basic Law" in the 1948 Constitutional Convention at Herrenchiemsee, and by the first German Chancellor, Konrad Adenauer. For reunified Germany, the slogan "Wir sind das Volk!" ("We are the people!") became symbolic, thus making all Germans founders of modern Germany.[来源请求]
Greece
[编辑]Ancient
[编辑]- Hellen, mythical progenitor of the Greeks, who gives his name to both the people and the country in the Greek language.
- Theseus, semi-legendary founder-hero of Athens[89]
- Solon (594 BC) and Cleisthenes (508/7 BC), inventors of democracy and founders of the Athenian constitution.
- Lycurgus of Sparta, founder of the Spartan constitution
- Cadmus, founder and first King of Thebes.
Modern
[编辑]- Adamantios Korais, Theophilos Kairis and other figures of the Greek Enlightenment who contributed to the country's national awakening leading up to its revolution against the Ottoman Empire
- Rigas Feraios, writer and revolutionary who is remembered as a national hero and the first victim of the uprising against the Ottomans.
- Theodoros Kolokotronis, Georgios Karaiskakis, Andreas Vokos Miaoulis, Laskarina Bouboulina, Yannis Makriyannis and other military leaders of the Greek War of Independence
- Alexandros Mavrokordatos, President of the First National Assembly at Epidaurus, co-author of the Greek Declaration of Independence and first Provisional Constitution and first head of government (President of the Executive) of Modern Greece.[90]
- Ioannis Kapodistrias, first head of state of independent Greece (1827–1831) and founder of the modern Greek state
- Eleftherios Venizelos, eight-time Prime Minister of Greece, has been labelled as "The Maker of Modern Greece"[91] and is still widely known as the "Ethnarch".[92]
Hungary
[编辑]According to Anonymus the fejedelem who made the Magyars settle into the Carpathian Basin in 896 AD was Árpád. His dynasty reigned over the Hungarian Kingdom from the ninth century until 1301. In Hungary Stephen I of Hungary is commonly regarded as the founder of the nation. He was Hungary's first king and united the Magyar people into the Kingdom of Hungary. Amongst others, Lajos Kossuth is supposed to be the Pater Patriae. He is known as the leader of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 against the Habsburgs, and therefore founder of the modern Hungarian Republic.
Iceland
[编辑]Jón Sigurðsson was the leader of the 19th century Icelandic independence movement.[93] He was the first president of the Althingi, restored as a legislative branch in 1875.
Ireland
[编辑]The Irish Free State was established after the Irish War of Independence (1919–21), in which Éamon de Valera, Cathal Brugha and Michael Collins were key leaders. However, they became antagonists in the Irish Civil War (1922–23), in which Collins and Brugha were killed and de Valera defeated. For decades, the inheritors of the opposing factions bypassed these sensitivities to honour the earlier leaders of the Easter Rising of 1916, in particular the seven signatories of the Proclamation of the Irish Republic: Patrick Pearse, James Connolly, Éamonn Ceannt, Tom Clarke, Seán Mac Diarmada, Thomas MacDonagh, and Joseph Plunkett.
Italy
[编辑]Ancient
[编辑]
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- Romulus, was the legendary founder and first king of Rome, the capital of Italy. Roman myth held that their city was founded by Romulus, son of the war god Mars and the Vestal virgin Rhea Silvia, fallen princess of Alba Longa and descendant of Aeneas of Troy. Exposed on the Tiber river, Romulus and his twin Remus were suckled by a she-wolf at the Lupercal before being raised by the shepherd Faustulus, taking revenge on their usurping great-uncle Amulius, and restoring Alba Longa to their grandfather Numitor. The brothers then decided to establish a new town but quarrelled over some details, ending with Remus's murder and the establishment of Rome on the Palatine Hill.
- Julius Caesar was a Roman general and statesman. A member of the First Triumvirate, Caesar led the Roman armies in the Gallic Wars before defeating his political rival Pompey in a civil war, and subsequently became dictator from 49 BC until his assassination in 44 BC. He played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire. After assuming control of government, Caesar began a program of social and governmental reforms, including the creation of the Julian calendar. He gave citizenship to many residents of far regions of the Roman Republic. He initiated land reform and support for veterans.
- Scipio Africanus – he was a Roman general and statesman, most notable as one of the main architects of Rome's victory against Carthage in the Second Punic War. Often regarded as one of the best military commanders and strategists of all time, his greatest military achievement was the defeat of Hannibal at the Battle of Zama in 202 BC. This victory in Africa earned him the epithet Africanus, literally meaning "the African," but meant to be understood as a conqueror of Africa. Scipio Africanus is mentioned in Il Canto degli Italiani, the national anthem of Italy since 1946.
- Augustus was the founder of the Roman Empire. He reigned as the first Roman emperor from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. The reign of Augustus initiated an imperial cult, as well as an era of imperial peace (the Pax Romana or Pax Augusta) in which the Roman world was largely free of armed conflict. The Principate system of government was established during his reign and lasted until the Crisis of the Third Century. Augustus dramatically enlarged the empire, annexing Egypt, Dalmatia, Pannonia, Noricum, and Raetia, expanding possessions in Africa, and completing the conquest of Hispania, but he suffered a major setback in Germania. Beyond the frontiers, he secured the empire with a buffer region of client states and made peace with the Parthian Empire through diplomacy. He reformed the Roman system of taxation, developed networks of roads with an official courier system, established a standing army, established the Praetorian Guard as well as official police and fire-fighting services for Rome, and rebuilt much of the city during his reign. Augustus created during the Roman Empire for the first time an administrative region called Italia with inhabitants called Italicus Populus; for this reason historians called him Father of Italians.[94]
- Constantine the Great was a Roman emperor from AD 306 to 337 and the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity. He played a pivotal role in elevating the status of Christianity in Rome, decriminalizing Christian practice and ceasing Christian persecution in a period referred to as the Constantinian shift.[95] This initiated the cessation of the established ancient Roman religion. Constantine is also the originator of the religiopolitical ideology known as Constantinianism, which epitomizes the unity of church and state, as opposed to separation of church and state.[96] He founded the city of Constantinople and made it the capital of the Empire, which remained so for over a millennium.
Medieval
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- Alberto da Giussano is a legendary character of the 12th century who would have participated, as a protagonist, in the battle of Legnano on 29 May 1176.[97] In reality, according to historians, the actual military leader of the Lombard League in the famous military battle with Frederick Barbarossa was Guido da Landriano.[98] Historical analyses made over time have indeed shown that the figure of Alberto da Giussano never existed.[99] In the past, historians, attempting to find a real confirmation, hypothesized the identification of his figure with Albertus de Carathe (Alberto da Carate) and Albertus Longus (Alberto Longo), both among the Milanese who signed the pact in Cremona in March 1167 which established the Lombard League, or in an Alberto da Giussano mentioned in an appeal of 1196 presented to Pope Celestine III on the administration of the church-hospital of San Sempliciano. These, however, are all weak identifications, given that they lack clear and convincing historical confirmation.[97][100] The battle of Legnano ended the fifth and last descent into Italy of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa,[101] who after the defeat tried to resolve the Italian question by adopting a diplomatic approach. This resulted a few years later in the Peace of Constance (25 June 1183), with which the Emperor recognized the Lombard League and made administrative, political, and judicial concessions to the municipalities, officially ending his attempt to dominate northern Italy.[102] The battle is alluded to in the Canto degli Italiani by Goffredo Mameli and Michele Novaro, the national anthem of Italy since 1946, which reads: «From the Alps to Sicily, Legnano is everywhere» in memory of the victory of Italian populations over foreign ones.[103]
- Cola di Rienzo, led a revolt in Rome, became the Tribune and later attempted to unify Italy.[104] In July 1347, in a decree, he proclaimed the sovereignty of the Roman people over the empire. But before this he had set to work on restoring the authority of Rome over the cities and provinces of Italy, of making the city again caput mundi. He wrote letters to the cities of Italy, asking them to send representatives to an assembly which would meet on 1 August, when the formation of a great federation under the headship of Rome would be considered. On the appointed day, a number of representatives appeared, and Cola issued an edict citing Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor and his rival Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, and also the imperial electors and all others concerned in the dispute, to appear before him in order that he might pronounce judgment.[105]The following day, the festival of the unity of Italy was celebrated, but neither this nor the previous meeting had any practical result. Cola's power, however, was recognized in the Kingdom of Naples, and both Joan I of Naples and Louis I of Hungary appealed to him for protection and aid, and on 15 August with great pomp he was crowned Tribune. Ferdinand Gregorovius says this ceremony "was the fantastic caricature in which ended the imperium of Charles the Great. A world where political action was represented in such guise was ripe for overthrow, or could only be saved by a great mental reformation."[105]
Modern
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- Napoleon Bonaparte was the first to use the title of President of the Italian Republic. Born on the island of Corsica to a family of Italian origin, Napoleon Bonaparte was a French military officer and statesman who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led a series of successful campaigns across Europe during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars from 1796 to 1815. He was the leader of the French Republic as First Consul from 1799 to 1804, then of the French Empire as Emperor of the French from 1804 to 1814, and briefly again in 1815. The Napoleonic Italian Republic was a short-lived (1802–1805) republic located in Northern Italy. Its capital was Milan and it consisted of the same areas that had comprised the Cisalpine Republic, primarily Lombardy and Romagna. In 1805, following Bonaparte's assumption of the title of Emperor of the French, the Italian Republic was transformed into the Kingdom of Italy (Regno d'Italia), with Napoleon as king and his stepson Eugène de Beauharnais as viceroy. The modern presidential standard of Italy standard recalls the colors of the flag of Italy, with particular reference to the standard of the historic Napoleonic Italian Republic.
- King Victor Emmanuel II, Giuseppe Garibaldi, Prime Minister Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, and Giuseppe Mazzini have been referred to as the "Four Fathers of the Fatherland" for their contribution to Italian unification. Italy was unified in 1861 and Rome became its capital in 1870.[108]
- Victor Emmanuel II was King of Sardinia (also known as Piedmont-Sardinia) from 23 March 1849 until 17 March 1861, when he assumed the title of King of Italy and became the first king of an independent, united Italy since the 6th century, a title he held until his death in 1878. Borrowing from the old Latin title Pater Patriae of the Roman emperors, the Italians gave him the epithet of Father of the Fatherland (脚本错误：函数“langx”不存在。). The Italian national Victor Emmanuel II Monument in Rome, containing the Altare della Patria, was built in his honour.
- Giuseppe Garibaldi was a general, patriot, revolutionary and republican. He contributed to Italian unification (Risorgimento) and the creation of the Kingdom of Italy. Garibaldi is also known as the "Hero of the Two Worlds" because of his military enterprises in South America and Europe.[109] It is celebrated as one of the greatest generals of modern times[106] and fought in many military campaigns that led to Italian unification.
- Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour was a politician, statesman, businessman, economist, and noble, and a leading figure in the movement towards Italian unification.[110] Cavour put forth several economic reforms in his native region of Piedmont, at that time part of the Kingdom of Sardinia, in his earlier years and founded the political newspaper Il Risorgimento. After being elected to the Chamber of Deputies, he quickly rose in rank through the Piedmontese government, coming to dominate the Chamber of Deputies through a union of centre-left and centre-right politicians. After a large rail system expansion program, Cavour became prime minister in 1852. As prime minister, Cavour successfully negotiated Piedmont's way through the Crimean War, the Second Italian War of Independence, and Garibaldi's Expedition of the Thousand, managing to manoeuvre Piedmont diplomatically to become a new great power in Europe, controlling a nearly united Italy that was five times as large as Piedmont had been before he came to power.
- Giuseppe Mazzini was a politician, journalist, and activist for the unification of Italy (Risorgimento) and spearhead of the Italian revolutionary movement. His efforts helped bring about the independent and unified Italy in place of the several separate states, many dominated by foreign powers, that existed until the 19th century.[111] An Italian nationalist in the historical radical tradition and a proponent of a republicanism of social-democratic inspiration, Mazzini helped define the modern European movement for popular democracy in a republican state.[112] Mazzini's thoughts had a very considerable influence on the Italian and European republican movements, in the Constitution of Italy, about Europeanism and more nuanced on many politicians of a later period, among them American president Woodrow Wilson, British prime minister David Lloyd George, Mahatma Gandhi, Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru, Indian independence activist Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, and Israeli prime minister Golda Meir.[113][114]
- Vittorio Emanuele Orlando was an statesman, who served as the prime minister of Italy from October 1917 to June 1919. Orlando is best known for representing Italy in the 1919 Paris Peace Conference with his foreign minister Sidney Sonnino. He was also known as "Premier of Victory" for defeating the Central Powers along with the Entente in World War I.[115] Italy entered into World War I in 1915 with the aim of completing national unity: for this reason, it is also considered the Fourth Italian War of Independence,[116] in a historiographical perspective that identifies in the latter the conclusion of the unification of Italy, whose military actions began during the revolutions of 1848 with the First Italian War of Independence.[117][118] He was also the provisional president of the Chamber of Deputies between 1943 and 1945, and a member of the Constituent Assembly that changed the Italian form of government into a republic. Aside from his prominent political role, Orlando was a professor of law and is known for his writings on legal and judicial issues, which number over a hundred works.[119]
- The anti-fascist members of the Constituent Assembly of Italy are considered the "fathers" of the modern Italian Republic, which replaced the Monarchy after a referendum in 1946. The assembly was formed by the representatives of all the forces that contributed to the defeat of Nazi and Fascist forces during the liberation of Italy.[120] After WWII the Italian society was divided, and the economy all but destroyed—per capita income in 1944 was at its lowest point since 1900.[121] The aftermath left Italy angry with the monarchy for its endorsement of the Fascist regime, contributing to a revival of Italian republicanism.[122] Prominent members among them included the christian democratic Alcide De Gasperi (also counted among the founding fathers of the European Union), the communist Palmiro Togliatti, the social democratic Giuseppe Saragat, the liberal Enrico De Nicola (he later became the first president of Italy), the republican Cipriano Facchinetti and the liberal Vittorio Emanuele Orlando (the "premier of victory" in WWI).. De Gasperi was the last prime minister of the Kingdom of Italy, serving under both Victor Emmanuel III and Umberto II. He was also the first prime minister of the Italian Republic, and also briefly served as provisional head of state after the Italian people voted to end the monarchy and establish a republic.
Kosovo
[编辑]It is likely that the Kosovo Albanians regard Ibrahim Rugova as a key figure, since he was the one that brought an independence movement of Kosovo from the fall of Yugoslavia. Additionally, Rugova ruled Kosovo from the 1992 till 2006 as president of the nation, and ever since has been regarded as the National Hero of Kosovo, and led to further independence in 2008 from Serbia to which now 97 nations have recognised Kosovo as of September 2021.
Latvia
[编辑]Most Latvians regard Kārlis Ulmanis, a key figure in the Latvian war of independence and four-times Prime Minister of Latvia, as being the founding father of modern Latvia.
Liechtenstein
[编辑]- Karl I became the first Prince of Liechtenstein in 1608.
- Hans-Adam I purchased the domain of Schellenberg and the county of Vaduz which would eventually form the modern day Lichtenstein.
- Johann I drafted the first constitution of Lichtenstein, in 1818.
Lithuania
[编辑]The first and the only king (1251–1263) of Lithuania, Mindaugas, is seen as the founder of the Lithuanian state, as is commemorated on Statehood Day on 6 July.[123] Dr. Jonas Basanavičius, activist and proponent of the Lithuanian National Revival in the turn of the 19th century into the 20th, who participated in every major event leading to the independence of Lithuania, member of the Council of Lithuania which on 16 February 1918 declared Lithuania an independent state, is universally considered the "Patriarch of the Nation".[124]
Luxembourg
[编辑]Sigfried, Count of the Ardennes
Malta
[编辑]Anthony Mamo (1909–2008) was the first president of the Republic of Malta.
Moldova
[编辑]Monaco
[编辑]- François Grimaldi became the first Lord of Monaco when he captured the Rock of Monaco in 1297.
- Honoré II, Prince of Monaco secured recognition of independent sovereignty from Spain in 1633, and then from France by signing the Treaty of Péronne in 1641.
Montenegro
[编辑]Petar I Petrović-Njegoš (1747–1830) acquired de facto independence for Montenegro from the Ottoman Empire and created the first Montenegrin law in the modern era.
Netherlands
[编辑]Prince William I of Orange (1533–1584) or William the Silent, is known as the father of the Netherlands. He led the Dutch in their Revolt against Spain for their independence. Today he is often called Vader des Vaderlands ("Father of the Fatherland").[128]
North Macedonia
[编辑]Kiro Gligorov (first president of independent Macedonia).[129]
Norway
[编辑]- King Harald Fairhair, who unified Norway and ruled c. 872–930, is often considered the founder of the nation.
- Usually the Norwegian Constituent Assembly at Eidsvoll in 1814, consisting of 112 men from most of the country, in Norway often referred to as Eidsvoll Men or the Fathers of the Constitution.[130]
Poland
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Legendary:
- Lech, legendary first leader of Polans tribe.
Kingdom of Poland and Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów:
- Mieszko I (c. 920/45–992), the first historical ruler of Poland, Mieszko I is considered the de facto creator of the Polish state. He was a Duke of the Polans from about 960 until his death. Mieszko I's marriage in 965 to the Přemyslid princess Dobrawa and his baptism in 966 put him and his country in the cultural sphere of Western Christianity. According to existing sources, Mieszko I was a wise politician, a talented military leader and charismatic ruler. He successfully used diplomacy, concluding an alliance with Bohemia first, and then with Sweden and the Holy Roman Empire. In foreign policy, he placed the interests of his country foremost, even entering into agreements with former enemies. On his death, he left to his sons a country of greatly expanded territory, with a well-established position in Europe. Mieszko I also appeared as "Dagome" in a papal document from about 1085, called "Dagome iudex", which mentions a gift or dedication of Mieszko's land to the Pope (the act took place almost a hundred years earlier).
- Bolesław I Chrobry (967–1025), was Duke of Poland from 992 to 1025, and the first King of Poland in 1025. He was the son of Mieszko I of Poland by his wife, Dobrawa of Bohemia. He supported the missionary views of Adalbert, Bishop of Prague, and Bruno of Querfurt. The martyrdom of Adalbert in 997 and his imminent canonization were used to consolidate Poland's autonomy from the Holy Roman Empire. This perhaps happened most clearly during the Congress of Gniezno (11 March 1000), which resulted in the establishment of a Polish church structure with a Metropolitan See at Gniezno. This See was independent of the German Archbishopric of Magdeburg, which had tried to claim jurisdiction over the Polish church. Following the Congress of Gniezno, bishoprics were also established in Kraków, Wrocław and Kołobrzeg, and Bolesław formally repudiated paying tribute to the Holy Roman Empire. In the summer of 1018, in one of his expeditions, Bolesław I captured Kiev, where he installed his son-in-law Sviatopolk I as ruler. According to legend, Bolesław chipped his sword when striking Kiev's Golden Gate. Later, in honor of this legend, a sword called Szczerbiec ("Jagged Sword") would become the coronation sword of Poland's kings. Bolesław I was a remarkable politician, strategist, and statesman. He not only turned Poland into a country comparable to older western monarchies, but he raised it to the front rank of European states. Bolesław conducted successful military campaigns in the west, south and east. He consolidated Polish lands and conquered territories outside the borders of modern-day Poland, including Slovakia, Moravia, Red Ruthenia, Meissen, Lusatia, and Bohemia. He was a powerful mediator in Central European affairs. Finally, as the culmination of his reign, in 1025 he had himself crowned King of Poland. He was the first Polish ruler to receive the title of rex (Latin: "king").
_and_the_Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland_(red)_in_1386_-_1434.png)
- Władysław II Jagiełło (c. 1352/1362 – 1434) was the Grand Duke of Lithuania (1377–1434) and then the King of Poland (1386–1434), first alongside his wife Jadwiga until 1399, and then sole King of Poland. He ruled in Lithuania from 1377. Born a pagan, in 1386 he converted to Catholicism and was baptized as Władysław in Kraków, married the young Queen Jadwiga, and was crowned King of Poland as Władysław II Jagiełło. In 1387 he converted Lithuania to Christianity. His own reign in Poland started in 1399, upon the death of Queen Jadwiga, and lasted a further thirty-five years and laid the foundation for the centuries-long Polish–Lithuanian union. The dynasty ruled both states until 1572, and became one of the most influential dynasties in late medieval and early modern Central and Eastern Europe. During his reign, the Polish-Lithuanian state was the largest state in the Christian world. The reign of Władysław II Jagiełło extended Polish frontiers and is often considered the beginning of Poland's Golden Age.
- Zygmunt II August (1520–1572), was the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, the only son of Sigismund I the Old, whom Sigismund II succeeded in 1548. In 1569 he oversaw the signing of the Union of Lublin between Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and introduced an elective monarchy.
- Tadeusz Kościuszko (1746–1817) was a Polish-Lithuanian military engineer, statesman, and military leader who became a national hero in Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, and the United States. He fought in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's struggles against Russia and Prussia, and on the U.S. side in the American Revolutionary War. As Supreme Commander of the Polish National Armed Forces, he led the 1794 Kościuszko Uprising.
Fathers of Polish Independence:
- Józef Piłsudski (1867–1935), was a Polish statesman who served as the Chief of State (1918–22) and First Marshal of Poland (from 1920). From World War I he had great power in Polish politics and was a distinguished figure on the international scene. He is viewed as a father of the Druga Rzeczpospolita Polska re-established in 1918, 123 years after the 1795 Partitions of Poland by Austria, Prussia and Russia.
- Roman Dmowski (1864–1939), was a Polish politician, statesman, polyglot, and the leader of National Democracy movement. He was represented Poland at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919.
- Ignacy Jan Paderewski (1860–1941), was a Polish pianist and composer, freemason, politician, statesman and spokesman for Polish independence. He was a favorite of concert audiences around the world. His musical fame opened access to diplomacy and the media. Paderewski played an important role in meeting with President Woodrow Wilson and obtaining the explicit inclusion of independent Poland as point 13 in Wilson's peace terms in 1918, called the Fourteen Points. He was the Prime Minister of Poland and also Poland's foreign minister in 1919, and represented Poland at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919.
- Wojciech Korfanty (1873–1939), was a Polish activist, journalist and politician, who served as a member of the German parliaments, the Reichstag and the Prussian Landtag, and later, in the Polish Sejm. Briefly, he also was a paramilitary leader, known for organizing the Polish Silesian Uprisings in Upper Silesia, which after World War I was contested by Germany and Poland. Korfanty fought to protect Poles from discrimination and the policies of Germanisation in Upper Silesia before the war and sought to join Silesia to Poland after Poland regained its independence.
- Wincenty Witos (1874–1945), was a Polish politic and the leader of the Polish Peasants' Movement. Witos was also a leader of Polish Liquidation Committee, formed in Kraków in 1918.
- Ignacy Daszyński (1866–1936), was a Polish socialist politician, journalist, and Prime Minister of the Provisional People's Government of the Republic of Poland, formed in Lublin in 1918.
- Józef Haller von Hallenburg (1873–1960) was a lieutenant general of the Polish Army, a legionary in the Polish Legions, harcmistrz (the highest Scouting instructor rank in Poland), the president of the Polish Scouting and Guiding Association (ZHP), and a political and social activist. After the Peace of Brest-Litovsk he arrived in France in July 1918, where on behalf of the Polish National Committee he created what was known as the Blue Army (from the color of its French uniforms, also known as Haller's Army). For the next few months his army, allied to the Entente, would fight against Germany.
Portugal
[编辑]- Viriathus was the most important leader of the Lusitanian people that resisted Roman expansion into western Hispania or Iberia (as the Greeks called it). Today Viriathus is regarded as a national hero and an enduring symbol of Portuguese nationality and independence, portrayed by artists and celebrated by its people throughout the centuries.
- Henry of Burgundy (1066–1112), was appointed Count of Portugal as a reward for military services to Kingdom of León, and with the purpose of expanding the territory southwards. And, more importantly, his son, Count Afonso I of Portugal (1109–1185), a Templar Brother who took control of the county after Henry died and was recognized by the Holy See, in 1179, as the first King of Portugal, through the Manifestis Probatum bull.[来源请求]
Romania
[编辑]- Burebista is considered the great king who unified all the Dacian tribes. He is also known for creating a powerful empire that stretched from west to the Adriatic Sea and Southern Germany, from east to the Black Sea, from north to Southern Poland and from south to Greek Macedonia and Eastern Thrace. He is considered by many Romanians as a national hero. The Dacian Kingdom under Burebista was the greatest territorial extent in Romania's history.
- Decebalus and Trajan are considered to be the fathers of the Romanian people, as Roman veterans were settled on the present-day territory of Romania following Trajan's Dacian Wars.[来源请求]
- Basarab I the Founder (c. 1270-1351/1352) was the great voivode of Wallachia. Basarab either came into power between 1304 and 1324 by dethroning or peacefully succeeding the legendary founder of Wallachia, Radu Negru, or in 1310 by succeeding his father, Thocomerius. In 1330 he defeated Charles I of Hungary at the battle of Posada, and the first independent Romanian state was consequently founded. He founded the Basarab dynasty and his descendants ruled Wallachia for more than three centuries. From the middle of the 14th century, some foreign chronicles used derivations of his name: "Basarab", when referring to Wallachia.
- Michael the Brave (1558–1601) was the Prince of Wallachia (1593–1601), Prince of Moldavia (1600) and de facto ruler of Transylvania (1599–1600). He is considered one of Romania's greatest national heroes. Since the 19th century, Michael the Brave has been regarded as a symbol of the unity of all Romanians, as his reign marked the first time all states mainly inhabited by Romanians were under the same ruler.
- Alexandru Ioan Cuza was elected as the first leader of the modern Romanian state. He presided over Wallachia and Moldavia in a personal union, which later became permanent even though he was forced to abdicate.
- Carol I was the first King of Romania that obtained the independence of the country.
- Ion C. Brătianu established the foundation of the modern Romanian State.
- Mihail Kogălniceanu established the foundation of the modern Romanian State.
- Ferdinand I was King of Romania when the country gained Transylvania and Bessarabia.
Russia
[编辑]- Rurik, a Varangian prince and the legendary founder of the royal Rurikid dynasty, established the first Russian state in Novgorod the Great in 862.
- Ivan IV, known as Ivan the Terrible, Grand Prince of Moscow from the Rurikid dynasty, established the Tsardom of Muscovy and was proclaimed the first Tsar of Russia in 1547.
- Mikhail I of Russia was the first Tsar of Russia from the House of Romanov, elected to the throne by the Zemsky Sobor in 1613. His elevation marked the end of the period of political and civil strife known as the Time of Troubles.
- Peter the Great, Tsar and then Emperor of Russia from the House of Romanov, founded Saint Petersburg in 1703 and established the Russian Empire in 1721, inaugurating the imperial period of Russian history that lasted until the February Revolution of 1917.
- Vladimir Lenin was the founder of Soviet Russia and later, the Soviet Union
- Boris Yeltsin was the first president of the Russian Federation as an independent state. He was first elected to the presidency in June 1991, while the Russian Federation was still a part of the USSR, and re-elected in 1996.
San Marino
[编辑]Saint Marinus was the founder of the world's oldest surviving republic, San Marino, in 301. Tradition holds that he was a stonemason by trade who came from the island of Rab on the other side of the Adriatic Sea (modern Croatia), fleeing persecution for his Christian beliefs in the Diocletianic Persecution.
Serbia
[编辑]- Stefan Nemanja, grand prince of the medieval Serbian Grand Principality that would eventually evolve into the Serbian Kingdom and Serbian Empire. He is the founder of the Nemanjić dynasty.
- Karađorđe, revolutionary who led the struggle for Serbia's liberation and independence from the Ottoman Empire during the First Serbian Uprising. He is the founder of the Karađorđević dynasty and bears the honorific title Father of the Nation.[131]
- Miloš Obrenović, a revolutionary who led the struggle for Serbia's liberation and independence from the Ottoman Empire during the Second Serbian Uprising. He is the founder of the Obrenović dynasty and bears the honorific title Father of the Nation.[132]
Slovakia
[编辑]Many Slovaks see Great Moravia as their ancestors, which would make Mojmír I a founder.
Slovenia
[编辑]France Bučar is a Slovenian politician, legal expert and author. Between 1990 and 1992, he served as the first chairman of the freely elected Slovenian Parliament. He was the one to formally declare the independence of Slovenia on 25 June 1991. He is considered one of the founders of Slovenian democracy and independence. He is also considered, together with Peter Jambrek, as the main author of the current Slovenian constitution. Jože Pučnik was president of DEMOS and one of the main persons in the Slovenian fight for independence. The largest Slovenian airport is named Letališče Jožeta Pučnika (Jože Pučnik airport). Lojze Peterle was first prime minister of Slovenia and Milan Kučan was the first president. Janez Janša was the first minister of defense, and played a big role in the development of Slovenian Territorial Defence, together with Janez Slapar who was the first chief of staff. The first Minister of Interior was Igor Bavčar, who helped the Slovenian Territorial Defense defeat the Yugoslav Army with the police.
Spain
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The Catholic Monarchs, Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, unified Spain in the 15th century. Both came from the noble House of Trastámara. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor was the first to inherit the dynastic union and the first Habsburg monarch. His successor, Philip II of Spain, established a capital in Madrid. The first Bourbon King of Spain was Philip V of Spain, who is also responsible for the de jure unification of the country.
Sweden
[编辑]While Sweden had existed as a monarchy of sorts long before his time, Birger Jarl, father of and regent for Valdemar, King of Sweden, can be said to have established Sweden as a nation. Birger was Jarl in the years 1248–66.
Gustav I of Sweden, who secured Sweden's independence from Denmark in 1523, is often considered a father of the nation.
Switzerland
[编辑]Both the anonymous Eidgenossen who drew up the Federal Charter of 1291, or the liberal statesmen who helped found the modern Swiss Confederation in 1848 can be considered the founders of Switzerland. Among the latter, those who became the first members of the Swiss Federal Council were perhaps the most notable: Ulrich Ochsenbein, Jakob Stämpfli, Jonas Furrer, Josef Munzinger, Henri Druey, Friedrich Frey-Herosé, Wilhelm Matthias Naeff and Stefano Franscini.[来源请求]
Ukraine
[编辑]Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv were brothers who founded city of Kyiv in 482 CE
Oleg the Wise who was first Grand Prince of Kiev and created Kyivan Rus in 880
Daniel of Galicia was King of Ruthenia
In 1648, Bohdan Khmelnytsky and Petro Doroshenko led the largest of the Cossack uprisings against the Commonwealth and the Polish king.
Mykhailo Hrushevsky was the President the Central Council of Ukraine People's Republic.
Leonid Kravchuk is the First President of Ukraine elected in 1991.
United Kingdom
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Alfred the Great is generally considered the first King of England, while the modern English polity is often considered founded by William the Conqueror, William I of England following the Norman Conquest, and from which the present Royal Family continue to assert descent. The first Monarch to unite all of Scotland was Kenneth MacAlpin in 843. Ireland was brought under Norman English dominion in 1189 under Henry II of England, Wales was subdued between 1093 and 1293; before this Brian Boru in Ireland and Owain the Great in Wales had been figures of national importance in the context of fragmented polities. Scotland and England had a centuries long history of invasion and counter invasion, and the Scottish national heroes William Wallace and Robert the Bruce, as well as the Declaration of Arbroath, asserting Scottish nationhood and sovereignty, date from that period.
Scotland and England were finally united dynastically rather than militarily, and James VI and I was regarded by some as the first king of Great Britain (both England and Scotland). The sovereign United Kingdom of Great Britain, however, dates from the Acts of Union 1707, under Queen Anne, while the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, later Northern Ireland, was created in 1801 by a further Act of Union - up to that point Great Britain and Ireland were de jure two separate kingdoms in personal Union. Robert Walpole is generally considered the first Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
Following Irish independence, the Northern Ireland Parliament operated largely autonomously from London, with the leaders Edward Carson and Sir James Craig, Lord Craigavon, considered by unionists to be its founding fathers. The reinstallment of the Scottish Parliament as a devolved institution in 1999 under the influence of Donald Dewar led to his recognition as the "Father of Scottish devolution" and "Father of the Nation".
Vatican City
[编辑]Peter the Apostle is seen as the first pope.
Vatican City took on its modern form under the Lateran Treaty signed by Pope Pius XI.
大洋洲
[编辑]Australia
[编辑]Early colonial era
[编辑]- Captain Arthur Phillip was the first Governor of New South Wales and founder of the first British colony in Australia.[133]
- Governor Lachlan Macquarie is considered by historians to have had a crucial influence on the transition of New South Wales from a penal colony to a free settlement and therefore to have played a major role in the shaping of Australian society in the early nineteenth century.
- William Wentworth advocated for the rights of emancipists and for representative self-government; he led the drafting of New South Wales' first self-governing constitution establishing the Parliament of New South Wales, Australia's first parliament. He was among the first colonists to promote a nascent form of Australian nationalism.
Late colonial and federation era
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- Sir Henry Parkes is often regarded as the "Father of Federation" in Australia. During the late 19th century, he was the strongest proponent for a federation of Australian territories. However, he died before Australia federated, and was never able to see his plan come to fruition.[134]
- Andrew Inglis Clark is another founding father of Australia. He largely wrote the Australian Constitution in addition to developing the Hare-Clark system of voting and pushing for universal adult suffrage and other progressive ideals that would become law early in Australia's history.
- Alfred Deakin also stands out as a significant founding father as he attended all the Federation Conferences, he gave up 10 years of senior political appointments to travel the country promoting federation and was Australia's first Attorney General. He was instrumental in securing Edmond Barton as the first Prime Minister while Deakin went on to be Australia's 2nd, 5th and 7th Prime Minister. Deakin was responsible for establishing the High Court, Australian Navy, and many other important acts of parliament. Sir Robert Menzies is on record for saying he was Australia's greatest Prime Ministers.[135]
- John Dunmore Lang. Although passing away over two decades before federation, John Dunmore Lang was a strong advocate of a federation of the Australian colonies as a democratic republic, independent from the British Empire.[136][137]
Federated States of Micronesia
[编辑]Chief Justice Andon Amaraich is regarded as "one of the founding fathers of the Federated States of Micronesia".[138][139]
Fiji
[编辑]Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara is widely viewed as the "Founding Father" of an independent Fiji.[140][141][142][143][144]
Nauru
[编辑]Hammer DeRoburt dominated the political scene for the first two decades of the republic; he served as president for most of the postindependence period until being voted out of office in 1989. Thereafter, national politics was marked by a series of weak, short-lived governments; the presidency tended to be traded among a small number of politicians.
New Zealand
[编辑]Maori people consider Kupe, a mythologised figure who led the first Polynesian migration to New Zealand from Hawaiki in the 10th century, to be a founding figure and the common ancestor of all Maori. In the 19th century, the Scottish businessman, James Busby, drafted the Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand and co-authored the Treaty of Waitangi with the Royal Navy officer, William Hobson. It is considered by many to be the founding document of the nation of New Zealand.[145]
Papua New Guinea
[编辑]Grand Chief Sir Michael Somare is viewed as the "Founding Father" of Papua New Guinea.[146][147][148][149] The leading figure during the country's transition to independence from Australia, he was Papua New Guinea's first Prime Minister.
Tonga
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King George Tupou I, who united his country and established the contemporary Kingdom of Tonga, has been described as Tonga's "founding father".[150][151]
历史国家和其他地区
[编辑]Arabian Peninsula
[编辑]After the Hijrah (622), the Islamic Prophet Muhammad (570–632) assumed political leadership over Yathrib, present day Medina. This feat in and of itself was unheard of, as the city consisted of both Jews and Arab pagans. Alongside consolidating his power in Medina, the Battle of Badr (624) saw the de facto leadership of Mecca destabilised. Eventually, at the Conquest of Mecca (629–630) Muhammad took leadership over his tribesmen. Furthermore, Muhammad oversaw delegations and armies sent across Arabia, including Yemen. The last Persian governor Badhan converted to Islam (628), thus including Southern Arabia under Islamic rule. Pre-Islamic Arabia was strife with tribalism and territoriality, therefore it was implausible for tribes to elect leaders let alone Arabia itself. Yet come Muhammad's death (632), Arabia was unified under one polity and religion.
Despite this state not possessing a specific name, it proved to be the platform for the Rashidun Caliphs (632–661) to eventually look beyond the Arabian Peninsula to the Byzantine and Sassanid Empires.
Bohemia
[编辑]Although the first known ruler of Bohemia was Bořivoj I, Duke of Bohemia, the real unifier of various Slavic tribes in Bohemia and creator of nation was Duke Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia. Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor is regarded as the "Father of the Homeland" in the Czech Republic, because during his time the Kingdom of Bohemia experienced the greatest prosperity. Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (1850–1937) is widely revered as the Liberator President who played the chief role in the 1918 melding of Bohemia, Moravia, Slovakia and Ruthenia into the Czechoslovak Republic, and who served as President of the Republic from 1918 to 1935.
Republic of Biafra
[编辑]Nigerian military officer Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu, of the Igbo ethnic group, established the Republic of Biafra on 30 May 1967 after he seceded the predominantly Igbo region of Nigeria from the rest of the country, sparking the Nigerian Civil War.
Czechoslovakia
[编辑]- Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, first President of Czechoslovakia, known as President Liberator.
Kingdom of England
[编辑]It was King Athelstan (893/95–939) who united the several Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England around the year 927, when he became King of the English as opposed to his previous title, King of the West Saxons. However, his fame is often overshadowed by his predecessor and grandfather Alfred the Great (871–899), who set in motion the unification of the English kingdoms and could also claim to be the nation's founder.
Kingdom of Hawaiʻi
[编辑]Polynesians arrived on the islands from 1000 to 1200 AD, becoming Native Hawaiians. However, it was in 1795 when King Kamehameha I conceived the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi and unified the islands, beginning modern Hawaiian history.
Ancient Korea
[编辑]For ancient Korea, Hwanung (환웅/桓雄) and his son Dangun Wanggeom (단군왕검/檀君王儉) were the legendary founders of Gojoseon, the first kingdom of Korea. The founding date is usually calculated as 3 October 2333 BC; 3 October is a South Korean national holiday known as Gaecheonjeol (개천절/開天節, 直译：“Festival of the Opening of Heaven”). However, in North Korea, Gaecheonjeol is not celebrated and recognized at all, unlike South Korea.
Ottoman Empire
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By the end of the 14th century, most of Anatolia was controlled by various Anatolian beyliks due to the collapse of the Seljuk dynasty in the area. The Seljuk dynasty had established both the Seljuk Empire, which was founded by Tughril and the Sultanate of Rum, with the first one being responsible for the Turkification of Anatolia. Osman I unified the beyliks under one banner, proclaiming the Ottoman Empire.[152]
Russian Empire
[编辑]- Rurik – Varangian[153] prince and Prince of Novgorod beginning around 862 AD[154]
- Oleg, Rurik's kinsman and successor; extended his realm from Novgorod south to the Dnieper River valley and later moved his capital to the more strategic Kiev, where he established Kievan Rus' (the modern peoples of Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia all have Kievan Rus' as their cultural heritage).[155]
- Ivan the Terrible, Grand Prince of Moscow (also Prince of Novgorod) from 1533 to 1547 and Tsar of All the Russias from 1547 until his death in 1584. Ivan also claimed the historical title "Grand Prince of Kiev" for himself, but this was more of a flourish, since Kiev had never formed part of his realm and Moscow would not control the Kievan region until the Truce of Andrusovo (1667), but Kiev remained an important city in early Slavic history and culture.
- Peter the Great, Tsar from 1682, officially proclaimed the establishment of the Russian Empire in 1721, following the Treaty of Nystad, and himself its first emperor. He instituted sweeping reforms and oversaw the transformation of Russia into a major European power, re-organising the state in the Western style. Founder of Saint-Petersburg
- Vladimir the Great was the first Christian Prince of Kievan Rus.
Kingdom of Scotland
[编辑]It was King Kenneth MacAlpin (841–858) who united Pictland and Scotland, around the year 843, when he became King of Scots, as opposed to his previous title, King of Dál Riada. However, his fame is partly eclipsed by Malcolm III (1058–1093), who was the first king to rule over nearly all Scotland, after annexing Strathclyde.[156]
The fictionalising medieval poem The Wallace (约 1477) celebrated William Wallace (died 1305) as one of the founder-heroes of Scotland's struggle to preserve/re-establish independence from Plantagenet England.[157]
Serbia and Montenegro
[编辑]- Dobrica Ćosić, often referred to as the "Father of the Nation"
Soviet Union
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- Vladimir Lenin – Officially one among many equal founders of the country, Lenin was, de facto, the paramount leader, founder of the Soviet Union and the CPSU. The party governed the Soviet Union initially through a coalition with the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries along with elected soviets but later as a one-party state over the course of the Russian Civil War and political uprisings. Lenin is also considered the founding father of the modern Russian state. He died soon after the country's founding and retained a special status of secular apotheosis for the rest of the country's history.
- Leon Trotsky[158] – Founding Politburo member, head of the Red Army, commissar for foreign affairs, key organiser of the October Revolution. Trotsky was widely considered de facto second in command in the Soviet Union during Lenin's tenure. He was also nominated for the position of Vice-Chairman of the Soviet Union on several occasions by Lenin.[159][160][161][162][163] Trotsky was outmaneuvered by Joseph Stalin during the succession struggle, exiled and eventually assassinated in 1940.
Republic of Texas
[编辑]Wales
[编辑]- Magnus Maximus (c. 335–388). According to Welsh tradition, Magnus Maximus (Welsh: Macsen-Wledig) was a Roman general who was proclaimed Emperor of Rome by his soldiers in Britain in 383. As such, he was the first Romano-British ruler of Britain and the western portions of the Roman Empire. His mytho-heroic founding of Wales is celebrated in the modern Welsh anthem Yma o Hyd by Dafydd Iwan.[来源请求]
- Hywel Dda (c. 880–950) was responsible for the codification of traditional Welsh Law, which, according to historian John Davies, "was a powerful symbol of [Welsh] unity and identity, as powerful, indeed, as their language".[164]
- Gruffydd ap Llywelyn (r. 1039–63) was the first Welsh king to rule over the entire territory of Wales, from about 1057 until his death in 1063.[165]
Republic of Vietnam
[编辑]Ngô Đình Diệm (1901–1963), first president of South Vietnam.
Kingdom of Yugoslavia
[编辑]King Alexander I of Yugoslavia, known as Alexander the Unifier.
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
[编辑]Josip Broz Tito, Marshal of Yugoslavia (1943–1980).
Union of South Africa
[编辑]- Louis Botha was the first Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa, and Jan Smuts, its second prime minister, was a prominent advocate of unification and seen in more recent polls as the Union of South Africa's greatest historical leader.
- Jan van Riebeeck was treated as a South African founding father by the South African government during the apartheid era, being featured on statues and the country's currency (although the likeness was erroneous and was actually that of another man).[166][167]
Zaire
[编辑]Mobutu Sese Seko was the founder of Zaire and its only president.
另见
[编辑]参考资料
[编辑]- ^ Burkina Faso: former president Thomas Sankara elevated to the rank of "national hero". Africa News. 2023-08-13 （英语）.
- ^ Congo Celebrates 50th Anniversary of Independence. Congo Planet. Congo News Agency. 30 June 2010 [20 February 2010].
- ^ The 'Father of Modern Egypt' school includes: Henry Dodwell, The Founder of Modern Egypt: A Study of Muhammad Ali (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965); Arthur Goldschmidt, Jr., Modern Egypt: The Formation of a Nation-State (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1988); Albert Haurani, A History of the Arab Peoples (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002); Jean Lacouture and Simonne Lacouture, Egypt in Transition, trans. Francis Scarfe (New York: Criterion Books, 1958); P.J. Vatikiotis, The History of Modern Egypt: From Muhammad Ali to Mubarak (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991). The following internet sources, while not necessarily scholarly, show how widespread this interpretation is. "History," The Egyptian Presidency, 2008, History. [12 April 2009]. （原始内容存档于17 May 2008）. (accessed 29 October 2008); Metz, Helen, Chapin. "Muhammad Ali of Egypt 1805–48," Egypt: a Country Study, 1990, http://countrystudies.us/egypt/ (accessed 29 October 2008); "Muhammad Ali of Egypt 1805–48: The Father of Modern Egypt," Travel to Egypt – Egypt Travel Guide, 2007, http://www.travel-to-egypt.net/muhammad-ali.html (accessed 29 October 2008); "Muhammad Ali of Egypt," Answer.com, 2008, http://www.answers.com/topic/muhammad-ali (accessed 29 October 2008).
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Aram pasha, as he was known to friend and foe alike, had been a veritable founder of the Armenian republic.
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Aram Manukian (1879–1919), a leading member of the Dashnaktustiune, organized the defense of Van in 1915 and Yerevan in 1918. He is considered the founder of the Republic of Armenia in 1918.
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...20–րդ դարասկզբի հայոց ազգային–ազատագրական շարժման ականավոր ղեկավար, Վանի ինքնապաշտպանության ղեկավար, 1918թ. մայիսյան հերոսամարերի կազմակերպիչ, Հայաստանի Հանրապետության կերտող Արամ Մանուկյանի...
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"...an Armenian national figure like Aram Manukyan, founder of the [1918] First Republic," Levon Shirinyan, who holds the chair of politics and history at Yerevan's teacher-training university.
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Van Riebeeck was the Dutch colonial administrator who established Cape Town in 1652, and is a significant figure in South African, and especially Afrikaner, history. Many Afrikaners view van Riebeeck as the father of the Afrikaner nation. Van Riebeeck also featured on the reverse of the R20 note, albeit indirectly, with an image of van Riebeeck's landing party (three ships) and the (old) South African Coat of Arms, with the Latin motto "Ex Unitate Vires" – "From Unity, Strength" (also translated as "Unity Creates Strength").
- ^ So whose face was on old SA money?. IOL Business Report.
