草稿:各國開國領袖列表

以下是現今世界主權國家的建國元勛列表，他們被國民譽為國家創始人。通常是在奠基國家治理體系（即政治制度、政府形式和憲法）方面，發揮過重要作用的人；也可能是領導民族解放戰爭（英語：Wars of national liberation）或獨立戰爭的軍事領導人。

非洲

阿爾及利亞

艾哈邁德·本·貝拉領導民族解放陣線參與阿爾及利亞獨立戰爭，並於1963年至1965年擔任阿爾及利亞首任總統。

安哥拉

阿戈什蒂紐·內圖在安哥拉獨立戰爭中，是安哥拉人民解放運動的主要領導人之一。1975年安哥拉從葡萄牙獨立後，擔任安哥拉首任總統，他的生日被定為國家英雄日。

貝南

1960年達荷美共和國正式獨立，于貝爾·馬加擔任首任總統。

波札那

塞雷茨·卡馬原先是貝專納保護國最大部落恩瓦托部落（英語：Ngwato tribe）的酋長繼承人，1951年被迫中止繼承權並被流放，他在結束流放生涯後創立波札那民主黨，致力於獨立運動。1966年波札那共和國脫離英國正式獨立，卡馬擔任首任總統。

布吉納法索

莫里斯·亞梅奧果是法屬上伏塔首任上伏塔裔總理，於1958年上任；並於1960年至1966年期間就任上伏塔共和國首任總統。亞梅奧果曾經被剝奪政治權利，1970年桑古爾·拉米扎納下令廢除他的所有頭銜，隨後於1991年被布萊斯·孔波雷恢復為國家創始人。

1984年，上伏塔總統托馬斯·桑卡拉實施社會主義和反法改革的部分，將國名從「上伏塔」改為「布吉納法索」，並採用其本人創作的國歌《Ditanyè》。2023年，布吉納法索總統易卜拉欣·特拉奧雷宣布桑卡拉是「民族英雄」，以及「真正的」國家創始人。^[1]

蒲隆地

1962年7月1日，蒲隆地王國脫離比利時託管宣布獨立；1966年米歇爾·米孔貝羅奪權並宣布成立蒲隆地共和國，擔任首任總統。

喀麥隆

阿赫馬杜·阿希喬是喀麥隆共和國首任總統，任期從1960至1982年。

維德角

阿米爾卡·卡布拉爾是一位農業工程師、作家、民族主義思想家和政治領袖，非洲最重要的反殖民領袖之一。卡布拉爾領導幾內亞比索和維德角群島的民族主義運動，以及隨後的幾內亞比索獨立戰爭。1973年1月20日，即幾內亞比索單方面宣布獨立的前幾個月，他被人暗殺。他被認為是維德角共和國的創始人。

阿里斯蒂德斯·馬里亞·佩雷拉於1975年至1991年擔任維德角共和國首任總統。^{[來源請求]}

中非共和國

戴維·達科於1960年至1966年擔任中非共和國首任總統，憲法將他描述為「國父」。^{[來源請求]}

查德

弗朗索瓦·托姆巴巴耶是查德共和國首任總統，任期從1960年至1975年。

剛果民主共和國

帕特里斯·盧蒙巴、約瑟夫·卡薩武布、阿爾伯特·卡隆吉（英語：Albert Kalonji）、讓·柏利戡戈（英語：Jean Bolikango）、克雷奧帕斯·卡米塔圖（英語：Cléophas Kamitatu）和保羅·博利亞（英語：Paul Bolya）都被視為是剛果民主共和國的「獨立之父」。^[2]

埃及

普遍的歷史觀點認為穆罕默德·阿里帕夏是現代埃及之父，他是自1517年鄂圖曼征服以來，第一位被永久剝奪埃及門權力的統治者。雖然他在世時未能實現埃及的正式獨立，但他成功地為現代埃及國家奠定基礎。^[3]

埃及獨立的創始人薩德·扎格盧勒是一位政治家，曾經在埃及政府多個部門任職，也曾被英國政府關押到馬爾他，後來回國參與1919年埃及革命。隨後，扎格盧勒說服蘇丹福阿德一世憑藉良好的英埃關係（英語：Egypt–United Kingdom relations），交涉英國給予埃及獨立；並於1922年宣布獨立為埃及王國，扎格盧勒擔任埃及總理。1956年隨著蘇伊士運河國有化，英國結束在埃及的軍事據點。

史瓦帝尼

恩格瓦尼三世（英語：Ngwane III）於1745年至1780年擔任卡恩格瓦尼國王（英語：Ngwenyama），帶領史瓦帝人定居現在土地，被認為是現代史瓦帝尼的首任國王。

索布扎二世是史瓦濟蘭於1968年9月6日從英國獨立後第一任國王。

衣索比亞

孟尼利克一世是傳說公元前10世紀的衣索比亞始祖。耶庫諾·阿姆拉克建立所羅門王朝，是1270年至1285年衣索比亞帝國的建國皇帝。孟尼利克二世是現代衣索比亞的開創者，奠定現在國家的邊界。

1974年發生衣索比亞內戰，延續至1991年衣索比亞人民革命民主陣線武裝攻入首都，推翻門格斯圖領導衣索比亞人民民主共和國的獨裁統治；1991年至1995年期間成立衣索比亞過渡政府，梅萊斯·澤納維擔任臨時總統；1995年8月21日，衣索比亞新憲法生效，定現在的國名為「衣索比亞聯邦民主共和國」，澤納維擔任衣索比亞總理，並因和平解決與厄利垂亞的邊界爭端，獲得世界和平獎元首級的最高榮譽獎。

加納

克瓦米·恩克魯瑪於1957年領導加納從英國獨立，1960年至1966年期間擔任加納總統。

幾內亞

艾哈邁德·塞古·杜爾是幾內亞裔政治領袖，1958年起擔任幾內亞總統，直至1984年去世。他是參與幾內亞脫離法國統治，走向獨立的主要幾內亞民族主義者之一。

肯亞

1963年肯亞從英國獨立後，喬莫·肯亞塔擔任共和國的首任總理（1963年至1964年）和總統（1964年至1978年）。他在茅茅起義期間，是積極爭取獨立的政治人物。

賴比瑞亞

約瑟·詹金斯·羅拔斯是一位非裔美國人後裔的自由人。1829年，他和家人移居賴比瑞亞，與1820年以來美國殖民協會協助下，數千名重新定居的其他非裔美國人一起生活。1839年，羅拔斯成為賴比瑞亞副總督，隨後擔任總督（英語：Agents and governors of Liberia）。他被稱為賴比瑞亞之父，1847年見證賴比瑞亞獨立（英語：1846 Liberian independence referendum），並成為首任總統。^[4] 羅拔斯和非裔美國人定居者的後裔稱為美洲裔賴比瑞亞人。

利比亞

伊德里斯一世是利比亞首任與唯一一任國王，1951年至1969年在位，他也是塞努西穆斯林教團的領袖。伊德里斯於1949年獲得支持，宣布成立昔蘭尼加酋長國；他還成為的黎波里塔尼亞的埃米爾，這是現在利比亞的三個傳統區之一（第三個是費贊）。^[5] 他在盟國的支持下將利比亞統一在單一君主制，1949年制定憲法，並於1951年10月通過。國民大會選舉伊德里斯為國王，並於1951年12月24日宣布利比亞王國為獨立國家。

摩洛哥

第一個摩洛哥國家由伊德里斯一世於788年建立，至今統治摩洛哥的阿拉維王朝，於1631年由謝里夫·本·阿里（英語：Sharif ibn Ali）建立。

蘇丹穆罕默德五世於1956年宣布摩洛哥獨立，並於1957年宣布自己為摩洛哥首任國王。

納米比亞

薩姆·努喬馬於1960年組建西南非人民組織，領導納米比亞人民反抗南非白人統治，並於1990年至2005年期間，擔任納米比亞總統。
安丁巴·托伊沃·雅·托伊沃（英語：Andimba Toivo ya Toivo）是反種族隔離活動家、西南非人民組織的聯合創始人之一，積極參與前獨立運動，是納米比亞解放鬥爭的標誌性人物。
霍齊亞·庫塔科（英語：Hosea Kutako）是早期納米比亞民族主義領導者，創立首個民族主義政黨西南非民族聯盟（英語：SWANU），被許多人視為納米比亞民族之父。
亨德里克·維特布伊（英語：Hendrik Witbooi (Namaqua chief)）是1800年代末領導反抗德意志帝國的納馬酋長，其事跡發生在赫雷羅人和納馬人大屠殺事件；他於1905年10月29日陣亡，被許多納米比亞人視為民族英雄。
瓊格爾·阿弗里卡納（英語：Jonker Afrikaner）是西南非歐爾冷人（英語：Oorlam people）的酋長，他於1823年接替父親成為酋長，不久就離開定居點，搬遷到現今納米比亞的中部地區，建立現今納米比亞境內首個具有國家雛形的政治實體。

奈及利亞

赫伯特·麥考萊是奈及利亞政治家，被認為是奈及利亞民族主義的創始人。
埃約·伊塔（英語：Eyo Ita）是奈及利亞教育家和政治家，於1951年領導奈及利亞東部地區政府，並且是該國首位大學教授。
阿爾萬·伊科庫（英語：Alvan Ikoku）是奈及利亞教育家、政治家和活動家。
納姆迪·阿齊基韋是奈及利亞第一共和國首任總統，致力推動奈及利亞於1960年邁向獨立。
奧巴費米·阿沃洛沃（英語：Obafemi Awolowo）是奈及利亞獨立運動的主要領導者之一，1952年至1959年期間擔任奈及利亞議會制下首位政府事務領導人、地方政府及財政部長，以及西部地區首任總理。
艾哈邁杜·貝洛（英語：Ahmadu Bello）是領導北部地區的保守派政治家，從1954年至1966年被暗殺為止，擔任該地區的首任及唯一一任總理。
阿布巴卡爾·塔法瓦·巴勒瓦於1957年至1966年期間擔任奈及利亞首任總理，積極推動奈及利亞於1960年從英國獨立。
安東尼·埃納霍羅（英語：Anthony Enahoro）是奈及利亞反殖民和民主運動推動者。
埃格伯特·烏多·烏多馬（英語：Egbert Udo Udoma）是奈及利亞最高法院法官，並於1977年至1978年擔任制憲會議主席。
阿米努·卡諾（英語：Aminu Kano）是激進反對派的政治領袖。
S·A·阿賈伊（英語：S. A. Ajayi）是積極參與奈及利亞獨立談判的政治家。
約瑟夫·塔卡（英語：Joseph Tarka）是聯合中部地帶大會（英語：United Middle Belt Congress）的創始人之一，致力於保護和發展奈及利亞中帶地區（英語：Middle Belt）。
丹尼斯·奧薩德貝（英語：Dennis Osadebay）是奈及利亞中西部地區的首任總理。

以上都被認為是奈及利亞的創始人，奧巴費米·阿沃洛沃（英語：Obafemi Awolowo）、納姆迪·阿齊基韋和艾哈邁杜·貝洛（英語：Ahmadu Bello）作為三巨頭，在芬米拉約·蘭索姆-庫蒂（英語：Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti）酋長等人協助下，向英國進行奈及利亞獨立談判。

塞內加爾

現代塞內加爾的創始人是利奧波德·塞達爾·桑戈爾，他於1960年至1980年擔任塞內加爾首任總統。^{[來源請求]}

塞席爾

詹姆斯·曼卡姆於1976年至1977年擔任塞席爾首任總統，是非洲歷史上最後一位白人總統之一。他自稱為「塞席爾開國元勛」，但這個頭銜更常歸功於他的社會主義繼承者弗朗斯-阿爾貝·勒內，勒內領導塞席爾成為非洲最民主和經濟最穩定的國家之一。^{[來源請求]}

獅子山

獅子山首都弗里敦由非裔美國人士兵托馬斯·彼得斯（英語：Thomas Peters (revolutionary)）於1792年建立，他說服英國廢奴主義者（英語：Abolitionism in the United Kingdom）協助安置1,192名非裔，這些人為英國作戰以換取自由。彼得斯與兩位黑人大衛·喬治（英語：David George (Baptist)）和摩西·威爾金森（英語：Moses Wilkinson）都對建設弗里敦發揮過貢獻，但今天人們只記得彼得斯是對獅子山真正有影響力的創建者。彼得斯和非裔美國人後裔（英語：Nova Scotian Settlers）已經成為獅子山克里奧爾人（克里奧人）的一部分^[6]^[7]，2011年弗里敦建立一座雕像紀念彼得斯。^[8]

西亞卡·史蒂文斯是1971年修憲改制共和國的首任總統。

索馬利亞

1940年代以來，索馬利亞青年聯盟（英語：Somali Youth League）在推進索馬利亞獨立過程中，發揮著重要的作用。其中兩位成員曾經先後擔任索馬利亞總統，即首任總統亞丁·達爾和第二任總統阿卜迪拉希德·舍馬克，索馬利亞首都摩加迪休有幾處紀念該組織參與獨立運動的壁畫和紀念碑。

索馬利蘭

默罕默德·哈吉·易卜拉欣·埃加勒（英語：Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal）是索馬利亞裔政治家，是1960年成立索馬利蘭國的創始人及總理，雖然這個國家僅存在短短五天，卻得到35個國家的承認；1960年7月1日至12日，他擔任索馬利亞共和國的首任總理，並於1967年至1969年再度擔任第四任總理；埃加勒於1993年至2002年去世為止，擔任重新獨立的索馬利蘭共和國第二任總統。

1991年5月18日，索馬利蘭原地宣布脫離索馬利亞共和國，重新獨立為索馬利蘭共和國，阿卜杜拉赫曼·艾哈邁德·阿里·圖爾為首任總統。

南非共和國

納爾遜·曼德拉是南非總統，任期為1994年至1999年，他和弗雷德里克·威廉·戴克拉克共同領導種族融合和團結國家的談判。

其他反種族隔離（英語：Anti-Apartheid Movement）活動家包括：

南蘇丹

約翰·加朗是發起和領導南蘇丹獨立運動的主要人物，儘管他沒能活著見證國家獨立，但仍被廣大群眾稱為「國父」。

薩爾瓦·基爾·馬亞爾迪特於2011年擔任南蘇丹首任總統。

坦尚尼亞

朱利葉斯·尼雷爾作為坦尚尼亞首任總統，是實現坦尚尼亞獨立的主要人物，他經常被視為「國父」。^[9]

突尼西亞

哈比卜·布爾吉巴被認為是現代突尼西亞的創建者，他於1956年擔任總理，並領導突尼西亞從法國獨立（英語：Tunisian independence）；隨後廢除君主制，並從1957年至1987年擔任首任總統。他領導突尼西亞實現現代化，建設學校和醫院，並賦予婦女比周邊國家更好的人權，並且突尼西亞婦女至今仍然享有這些權利。^{[來源請求]}

烏干達

米爾頓·奧博特是烏干達裔政治領袖，1962年領導烏干達擺脫英國殖民統治，實現國家主權獨立。隨著烏干達邁向獨立，他於1962年至1966年擔任烏干達總理，並於1966年至1971年擔任第二任總統，然後於1980年至1985年再度擔任總統。

尚比亞

肯尼思·卡翁達是領導尚比亞獨立（英語：Zambia Independence Act 1964）和統一的主要人物，他於1964年至1991年擔任尚比亞首任總統。除此之外，西蒙·卡普韋普韋（英語：Simon Kapwepwe）和哈里·恩昆布拉（英語：Harry Nkumbula）也是建國領袖，他們以不同身份領導國家邁向獨立。

辛巴威

埃布爾·穆佐雷瓦辛巴威羅德西亞首任黑人總理（英語：Prime Minister of Zimbabwe Rhodesia）。

羅伯特·穆加貝是辛巴威非洲民族聯盟—愛國陣線（ZANU-PF）領導人，從1980年至20017年統治辛巴威。

其他建國時期領袖包括：

美洲

Argentina

The military commander José de San Martín was one of the most important figures of the War of Independence (1810–1818) in Argentina, where he is known as the "Father of the Homeland" (Spanish: Padre de la Patria) and the date of his death (or "Passage to Immortality"; "Pasaje a la Inmortalidad in Spanish) is commemorated as a national holiday.^[11] One of the main libertadores（英語：libertadores） of the Spanish American wars of independence, San Martín played a crucial role in the expulsion of royalist（英語：Royalist (Spanish American independence)） forces not only from Argentina but also from Chile and Peru, where he is thus also celebrated as a national hero.^[12] One of his most celebrated feats is the 1817 Crossing of the Andes（英語：Crossing of the Andes）, when he crossed the mountain range from present-day Argentina to present-day Chile, in a surprise attack on royalist forces.^[13]

Manuel Belgrano, another important leader of the War of Independence and creator of the flag of Argentina, is also widely regarded as a national hero.^[14]

María Remedios del Valle（英語：María Remedios del Valle）, an Afro-Argentine camp follower（英語：camp follower） turned soldier who participated in the War of Independence, is regarded as the "Mother of the Homeland" (Spanish: Madre de la Patria).^[15]

Bahamas

Lynden Pindling is considered the "Father of the Nation". He served as first Prime Minister of the Bahamas from 1967 to 1992. Independence from United Kingdom was achieved in 1973.^{[來源請求]}

Barbados

Errol Barrow（英語：Errol Barrow） (1920–1987) is often referred to as the Father of Independence of Barbados.^[16] Initially a World War II pilot and then a lawyer, he founded the Democratic Labour Party（英語：Democratic Labour Party (Barbados)） in 1955 after defecting from the Barbados Labour Party（英語：Barbados Labour Party）. He served as the third and final premier of Barbados（英語：premier of Barbados） (serving from 1961 to 1966) and lead Barbados to independence（英語：Barbados Independence Act 1966） from the British Empire in 1966. He became the country's first prime minister and served two terms (1966–1976 and 1986–1987) and died in office from illness in 1987.

Belize

George Cadle Price (1919–2011) is considered to be the Father of the Nation of Belize.^[17]^[18] He served as head of government of British Honduras, later Belize from 1961 to 1984. Independence from United Kingdom was achieved in 1981.^{[來源請求]}

Bolivia

Simón Bolívar (1783–1830) and Antonio José de Sucre (1795–1830) are considered to be the founders of Bolivia.^{[來源請求]}

Brazil

Pedro Álvares Cabral (1467/68–1520) commander of the first Portuguese fleet to arrive in South America.

José Bonifácio de Andrada (1763–1838), known as "Patriarch of Independence", is considered the maximum leader of the independence movement because of his intellectual mentorship and political prominence, and Pedro I of Brazil (1798–1834), son of the King João VI of Portugal, the symbol of the "center of force and union", according to the Bonifácio strategy.

Canada

The name "Fathers of Confederation（英語：Fathers of Confederation）" is given to those who attended the Charlottetown and Quebec Conferences（英語：Quebec Conference, 1864） in 1864, and the London Conference of 1866（英語：London Conference of 1866）, to establish the Canadian Confederation. There were 36 original Fathers of Confederation.^[19]

Queen Victoria, who supported and encouraged this process, is known as the Mother of Confederation. She was the first Monarch under the 1867 Constitution and personally chose Ottawa as Canada's capital city. The political leaders who brought the other provinces into Confederation after 1867 are also referred to as "Fathers of Confederation".^[20]

Caribbean Community

Errol Barrow（英語：Errol Barrow） (Barbados: 1920–1987); Forbes Burnham (Guyana: 1923–1985); Michael Manley（英語：Michael Manley） (Jamaica: 1924–1997); and Eric Williams（英語：Eric Williams） (Trinidad and Tobago: 1911–1981) were the leaders who brought forth regional integration among the Caribbean Community.^[21]

Chile

Bernardo O'Higgins (1778–1842) and José Miguel Carrera（英語：José Miguel Carrera） (1785–1821) are usually considered the founders of Chile. Diego Portales (1793–1837) is sometimes considered due to his influence in the 1833 Constitution.^{[來源請求]}

Colombia

Simón Bolívar, was founder of Gran Colombia, which also included Panama, Ecuador, and Venezuela. Francisco de Paula Santander wrote the first constitution of Colombia（英語：Constitution of Cúcuta）. Antonio Nariño（英語：Antonio Nariño） ("Precursor of the Independence") and Camilo Torres（英語：Camilo Torres Tenorio） were the most relevant statesmen of the First Republic.

Costa Rica

Juan Mora Fernández, first Head of State of Costa Rica（英語：President of Costa Rica）.^[22] José María Castro Madriz, First President of the Republic and proclaimed "Founder of the Republic" by Congress^[23] Juan Rafael Mora Porras, President during Costa Rica's campaign against William Walker, proclaimed "Hero and Liberator" by Congress.

Cuba

Carlos Manuel de Céspedes is considered the Cuban Founding Father. In 1868 he freed his slaves and declared the independence of Cuba, which began the Ten Years' War (1868–1878).

José Martí is a Cuban national hero.

Modern day Cuba was shaped by Fidel Castro with help from Che Guevara during the Cuban Revolution.

Dominican Republic

Matías Ramón Mella (1816–1864), Juan Pablo Duarte (1813–1876) and Francisco del Rosario Sánchez (1817–1861) are considered the Fathers of the Country. Duarte is featured on the $1 coin and on the now discontinued $1 bill; Sanchez on the $5 coin and on the also discontinued $5 bill; Mella on the $10 coin and on the also discontinued $10 bill.

Ecuador

Jose Joaquin Olmedo took this as a cue to declare Ecuador's independence at a junta in Guayaquil in 1820.

El Salvador

José Matías Delgado（英語：José Matías Delgado） is considered to be the "Father of the Salvadoran Fatherland".^[24]

Guatemala

In 1523, Pedro de Alvarado, a member of Hernán Cortés' group that conquered Mexico, was sent to conquer the area of land below Mexico that is known today as Guatemala.

Haiti

Toussaint Louverture (1743–1803) and Jean-Jacques Dessalines (1758–1806) were revolutionary and early political leaders of Haiti. Henri Christophe and Alexandre Pétion were also important figures of early Haiti.

Honduras

Founders of the Honduran Nation are José Cecilio del Valle（英語：José Cecilio del Valle） (1777–1834), Dionisio de Herrera（英語：Dionisio de Herrera） (1781–1850), Francisco Morazán (1792–1842), José Trinidad Reyes（英語：José Trinidad Reyes） (1797–1855), and José Trinidad Cabañas（英語：José Trinidad Cabañas） (1805–1871).

Jamaica

Norman Manley（英語：Norman Manley） is particularly noted for his role in securing universal suffrage for the country's population in 1944 along with founding the People's National Party. Manley also served as Chief Minister of Jamaica from 1955 to 1962. Alexander Bustamante（英語：Alexander Bustamante） was an influential union leader and as founder of the Jamaican Labour Party. Bustamante served as the then colony's first Chief Minister from 1953 to 1955 and later went on to lead Jamaica to independence from the United Kingdom in 1962, becoming the country's first Prime Minister.

Mexico

According to the decrees of the Congress of the Union of Mexico issued in 1822 and 1823,^[25] the Mexican founders are Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (1753–1811), Ignacio Allende（英語：Ignacio Allende） (1769–1811), Juan Aldama（英語：Juan Aldama） (1774–1811), Mariano Abasolo（英語：Mariano Abasolo） (1783–1816), José María Morelos (1765–1815), Mariano Matamoros（英語：Mariano Matamoros） (1770–1814), Leonardo Bravo (1764–1812), Miguel Bravo (unknown–1814), Hermenegildo Galeana（英語：Hermenegildo Galeana (general)） (1762–1814), Mariano Jiménez（英語：José Mariano Jiménez） (1781–1811), Xavier Mina（英語：Francisco Javier Mina） (1789–1817), Pedro Moreno（英語：Pedro Moreno (soldier)） (1775–1817), and Víctor Rosales（英語：Víctor Rosales） (1776–1817).

Nine of the thirteen founders are buried in the Monument to Independence in Mexico City.^[26]

Nicaragua

José Anacleto Ordóñez（英語：José Anacleto Ordóñez） (1778–1839) is recognised as the "First Popular Caudillo of Nicaragua", as he led the state to independence by revolting against the pro Mexican government in 1823. Later he served as Head of State of Nicaragua（英語：President of Nicaragua） within the Federal Republic of Central America.

José Núñez（英語：José Núñez (President of Nicaragua)） (1800–1880) and Joaquín del Cossío（英語：Joaquín del Cossío） (1789–unknown) were the most important figures in Nicaragua's Independence, as they started the first and second transitional governments that declared to the State's Independence from the FRCA in 1838.

Fruto Chamorro (1804–1855) is considered as "Founder of the Republic", as he initiated the 1854 Constitution which formally declared Nicaragua a Republic.

Panama

The first Spanish settlement in Panama was made in 1510. Then on 25 September 1513, Vasco Nunez de Balboa became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean (which he called the South Sea and which he claimed for Spain). Then in 1519 Pedro Arias de Avila（英語：Pedro Arias Dávila） founded Panama City.

Paraguay

José Gaspár Rodríguez de Francia is considered the founder of Paraguay. He was named perpetual dictator as of the country's formation. Although he was the one that ended up ruling the country, Rodríguez de Francia was not the only prócer of the 1811 revolution（英語：Independence of Paraguay）, others include: Fulgencio Yegros, Pedro Juan Caballero（英語：Pedro Juan Caballero (politician)）, Fernando de la Mora（英語：Fernando de la Mora (politician)）, Mauricio José Troche（英語：Mauricio José Troche (liberator)） and Vicente Ignacio Iturbe. Yegros also served as consul（英語：consul） alongside Francia, shortly before being deposed by him.

General Andrés Rodríguez was the first democratically elected president of Paraguay, shortly after leading the 1989 coup（英語：1989 Paraguayan coup d'état） that ended Alfredo Stroessner's dictatorship（英語：Dictatorship of Alfredo Stroessner）. This is why he is often considered the father of modern Paraguay.

Peru

José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar led Peru to independence and forged the country.^[27]

South America

José de San Martín,^[28] Simón Bolívar,^[29] Antonio José de Sucre, Francisco de Paula Santander,^[30] Francisco de Miranda^[31] have been referred to as the founding fathers of the region comprising modern day Argentina, Chile, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia and Panama.

Uruguay

José Gervasio Artigas is considered to be the founder of Uruguay. He was a staunch democrat and federalist, opposed to monarchism and centralism.

United States

The single person most identified as "Father" of the United States is George Washington, a general in the American Revolution and the 1st President of the United States.^[32]^[33]^[34] Washington was part of a larger group of revolutionaries known as the "Founding Fathers". Within the Founding Fathers, there are two key subsets, the Signers（英語：Signers of the Declaration of Independence） (who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776) and the Framers (who were delegates to the Federal Convention and took part in framing or drafting the proposed Constitution of the United States). Some historians have suggested a revised definition of the "Founding Fathers", including a significantly broader group of not only the Signers and the Framers but also all those who, whether as politicians, jurists, statesmen, soldiers, diplomats, and ordinary citizens took part in winning U.S. independence and creating the United States of America.^[35]

American historian Richard B. Morris（英語：Richard B. Morris）, in his 1973 book Seven Who Shaped Our Destiny: The Founding Fathers as Revolutionaries, identified the following seven figures as the key founders: John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and Washington.

Venezuela

Simón Bolívar (1783–1830) is considered to be the founder not only of Venezuela, but of many of the region's countries as the Gran Colombia, which also included Panama, Ecuador, and Colombia. José Antonio Páez led the separation of Venezuela from the Gran Colombia and formed the modern statehood of the country. Scholars credit president Rómulo Betancourt as the founding father of modern democratic Venezuela, and Hugo Chávez as the founding father of modern democratic-dictatorship Venezuela.

亞洲

Afghanistan

Ahmad Shah Durrani (1723–1773) unified the Afghan tribes and founded Afghanistan in 1747.^[36] His mausoleum is next to the Shrine of the Cloak（英語：Kirka Sharif） in Kandahar, Afghanistan, where he is fondly known as Ahmad Shah Baba (Ahmad Shah the Father).

However, the founding father of modern Afghanistan is Mohammad Zahir Shah, the last King of Afghanistan. Due to this, the Afghan parliament gave him the title of "Father of the Nation."

Armenia

Hayk Nahapet is considered the traditional founder of Armenia to which he gave his namesake (Hayk/Hayastan) and occasionally as the ancestor to all Armenians. He was explained in the Movses Khorenatsi（英語：Movses Khorenatsi） book "History of Armenia (book)（英語：History of Armenia (book)） to have established Armenia as a home for his people around Lake Van where Hayk and his people battled with and were then free from the tyranny of the Neo Assyrian Empire and Nimrod in 2492 BC.
Aram Manukian（英語：Aram Manukian） is considered（英語：Aram Manukian） the founder of the First Republic of Armenia.^[37]^[38]^[39]^[40]^[41]

Azerbaijan

Mammad Amin Rasulzade (Azerbaijani: Məhəmməd Əmin Axund Hacı Molla Ələkbər oğlu Rəsulzadə, Turkish: Mehmed Emin Resulzâde; (1884–1955) was an Azerbaijani statesman, scholar, public figure and one of the founding political leaders of Azerbaijan Republic (1918–1920). His expression "Bir kərə yüksələn bayraq, bir daha enməz!" ("The flag once raised will never fall!") became the motto of the independence movement in Azerbaijan in the 20th century.

Bangladesh

The first Sultan of Bengal, Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah（英語：Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah）, is often credited for unifying the Bengal region (which he named Bangalah) under a single politico-social and linguistic identity (Bangali people) in 1352.^[42]
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, known with the honorary title Bangabandhu, is considered by many as the founding father of Bangladesh. He led Bengali nation to the decade long struggle for independence against then autocratic rule of Pakistan, finally resulting in the Bangladesh Liberation War and the independence of Bangladesh in 1971.^[43]
Abul Kasem Fazlul Huq（英語：A. K. Fazlul Huq）, Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy and Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani（英語：Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani） are considered as three primary founders of Bangladesh, who shaped the Bengali nationalism since the days of British rule.

Apart from the founding leaders, the four key members of the Liberation Wartime government vice-president（英語：Vice President of Bangladesh） Syed Nazrul Islam, prime minister Tajuddin Ahmad, finance minister（英語：Minister of Finance (Bangladesh)） Muhammad Mansur Ali and home minister（英語：Minister of Home Affairs (Bangladesh)） Abul Hasnat Muhammad Qamaruzzaman（英語：Abul Hasnat Muhammad Qamaruzzaman） (altogether known as 'Four National Leaders') and the Liberation Wartime armed forces chief Muhammad Ataul Gani Osmani（英語：M. A. G. Osmani） are hailed as vital figures in Bangladesh's independence.

Bhutan

Ngawang Namgyal (1594–1651) fled Tibet and unified the fiefdoms of Bhutan. He established the dual system of shared power between secular and Buddhist leadership that continues as a tradition to the present.

Brunei

According to local historiography, the country of Brunei was founded by Awang Alak Betatar（英語：Muhammad Shah of Brunei）, later to be Sultan Muhammad Shah, reigning around AD 1400.

Cambodia

Kaundinya I was the founder of ancient Khmer kingdom of Funan.

Jayavarman II (770–850) was the founder of the Khmer Empire.

Norodom Sihanouk (1922–2012) declared Cambodia's independence from France in 1953 and is regarded as the nation's founding father.

China

The Yellow Thearch is revered as the legendary initiator of Chinese civilization, one of the cradles of civilization.^[44]

Yu the Great is conventionally regarded as having inaugurated dynastic rule in China by establishing the Xia dynasty, the first orthodox dynasty of China, in circa 2070 BC.^[45]

In 221 BC, the State of Qin completed the conquest of the various Chinese kingdoms of the Warring States period and formed the first unified Chinese empire, the Qin dynasty.^[46] Its monarch then took the title of Huángdì (皇帝; "Emperor") to reflect his prestigious status vis-à-vis prior rulers, thus becoming Qin Shi Huang.^[46]

Sun Yat-sen was the founding father of the Republic of China and served as its first provisional president. He was officially conferred the title of Guófù (國父; "Father of the Nation") by the Nationalist government in AD 1940.^[47] Today, he is still officially recognized as such in the Taiwan Area where the Republic of China continues to rule, while the People's Republic of China considers him the Gémìng Xiānxíngzhě (革命先行者; "Forerunner of the Revolution").^[48]

Mao Zedong is regarded as the founder of the People's Republic of China,^[49] even though the state has yet to officially confer the title "Father of the Nation" upon anyone.^[50]

Yellow Thearch

Yu the Great

Qin Shi Huang

Sun Yat-sen

Mao Zedong

Cyprus

Makarios III (1913–1977), archbishop and primate of the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Church of Cyprus (1950–1977), and first president of Cyprus (1960–1977), is widely regarded by Greek Cypriots as the Father of the Nation or "Ethnarch（英語：Ethnarch）".^[51]

Conversely, Rauf Denktaş (1924–2012), under Makarios III second and last Vice President of Cyprus (1973–1974), and first President of Northern Cyprus (1983–2005), is considered the founding father of Northern Cyprus.^[52]

East Turkistan

Sabit Damolla is considered the father of the nation and one of the most prominent leaders of the East Turkistan independence movement. He organized the Kumul Rebellion which erupted in 1931 into a full national liberation movement and served as the Prime Minister of the First East Turkestan Republic from 1933 to 1934.

India

Mahatma Gandhi (1869–1948) is considered the father of the nation and the most prominent leaders of the Indian independence movement.^[53]^[54] He is featured on the Indian rupee.

Indonesia

The 4 general founders of Indonesia are generally considered to be Mohammad Hatta, Sukarno, Sutan Syahrir and Tan Malaka.^[55] Sukarno is considered to be a founding father by some Indonesians, although he had an authoritarian rule during the time of his presidency. Mohammad Hatta is generally considered as one of the more democratic founder of Indonesia. They both signed the Proclamation of Independence, proclaiming the independence of Indonesia from the Netherlands on 17 August 1945. A day later, they were elected respectively as the first President and Vice President（英語：Vice President of Indonesia） of Indonesia.

As the Netherlands did not recognize the proclamation of independence immediately, both of them were prominent figures and were seen as symbol of unity among Indonesian people to fight against Dutch during the National Revolution from 1945 to 1949. In August 1949, Hatta headed a delegation to The Hague for a Round Table Conference（英語：Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference） which then led to the recognition of Indonesian independence by the Netherlands on 27 December 1949.^[56]

Sukarno

Mohammad Hatta

Sutan Sjahrir

Tan Malaka

Iran

Cyrus the Great (600–530 BC) was the founder of the First Persian Empire under the Achaemenid dynasty（英語：Achaemenid dynasty）. Many Iranians gather at his tomb in Pasargadae annually on the Cyrus the Great Day and Nowruz, the Persian New Year. Prior to the 1979 Revolution the 2,500th year of Foundation of Imperial State of Iran took place. It consisted of an elaborate set of festivities that took place on 12–16 October 1971 on the occasion of the 2,500th anniversary of the founding of the Imperial State of Iran and First Persian Empire by Cyrus the Great.^[57]^[58] The intent of the celebration was to demonstrate Iran's old civilization and history to showcase its contemporary advancements under Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the last Shah of Iran.^[59]^[60]

Ruhollah Khomeini is considered the founder of the modern Islamic Republic of Iran.^[61]

Israel

Theodor Herzl is considered the founder of political Zionism, the modern ideology that institutionalized the longstanding Jewish desire to return to the homeland, which eventually lead to the founding of Israel decades later.

David Ben-Gurion was the first Prime Minister of Israel（英語：List of Prime Ministers of Israel）, and is often considered an important founding figure as well as a leader of Labor Zionism, Israel's founding ideology. Ben-Gurion lead Israel for a total of thirteen years and is today admired by both the left and the right.

Other figures include Moshe Dayan, who became a war hero and symbol of the Israel Defense Forces and Eliezer Ben-Yehuda who led the revival of the Hebrew language.

Japan

Emperor Jimmu（神武天皇，Jinmu-tennō） (traditional reign 660–585 BC) was the first emperor of Japan,^[62] according to the traditional order of succession.^[63] The Japanese national holiday National Foundation Day（建国記念の日，Kenkoku Kinen no Hi） is celebrated annually on 11 February in commemoration of the founding of the nation of Japan and the ascension of Emperor Jimmu to the imperial throne.^[64]

Jordan

Abdullah bin Al-Hussain was the founder and ruler of the Jordanian realm from 11 April 1921 until his assassination on 20 July 1951.

He was the Emir of Transjordan, a British protectorate, until 25 May 1946,^[65]^[66] after which he was the king of an independent Jordan. He was a 38th-generation direct descendant of Muhammad, as he belongs to the Hashemite family.

Kazakhstan

There is no law in the country which officially recognizes a single individual as the "Father of the Nation". Either title may be associated with any of the following prominent historical persons, owing to their impact on the country during their respective times.

Alikhan Bukeikhanov (1866–1937) was a Kazakh statesman, politician, publicist, teacher, writer and environmental scientist. He was leader and founder of the Alash Orda national liberation movement. He sided with the westernizers in the Kazakh political scene who were promoting the idea of the Western culture into the Kazakh steppe. In 1920, after the establishment of Soviet hegemony, Bukeikhanov joined the Bolshevik party and returned to scientific life. His earlier political activities caused the authorities to view him with suspicion, leading to arrests in 1926 and 1928. In 1926, Bukeikhanov was arrested on the charge of counter-revolutionary activity and put into Butyrka prison in Moscow. But due to the lack of evidence in the criminal case against him, he was released from prison. In 1930, the authorities banished him to Moscow, where he was arrested a final time in 1937 and executed.

Dinmukhamed Kunayev (1912–1993) was a Kazakh Soviet communist politician. He became first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan again in 1964 when Khrushchev was ousted and replaced by Brezhnev. He kept his position for twenty-two more years. He was an alternate member of the Politburo from 1967, and a full member from 1971 to 1987. During Kunayev's long rule, Kazakhs occupied prominent positions in the bureaucracy, economy and educational institutions. A Brezhnev loyalist, he was removed from office under pressure from Mikhail Gorbachev, who accused him of corruption. On 16 December 1986 the Politburo replaced him with Gennady Kolbin, who had never lived in the Kazakh SSR before. This provoked street riots in Almaty, which were the first signs of ethnic strife during Gorbachev's tenure. In modern Kazakhstan, this revolt is called Jeltoqsan, meaning December in Kazakh.

Nursultan Nazarbayev was elected the nation's first president following its independence from the Soviet Union in December 1991. In 2010 Parliament of Kazakhstan named him Елбасы (Elbasy) which means "Leader of the Nation".

North Korea

Kim Il-sung was the founder of North Korea. He ruled from 1948 to 1994. After his death, he was declared as the Eternal President of North Korea in 1998.

South Korea

Dangun, the legendary first king of Gojoseon, is venerated in Korea as the founder of the Korean nation and peoples. His legendary birthday and the day he founded Gojoseon is celebrated as National Foundation Day (개천절), which falls on 3 October. There have been many founders throughout history such as Lee Seonggye, Taejo Wang Geon, and Dongmyeong the great.

There is no official founding father of South Korea who is generally accepted nor acknowledged by the government, though some figures like Syngman Rhee or Kim Ku are proposed as the father of his country.

Kuwait

The first recorded ruler of Kuwait was Sheikh Abu Salman Sabah（英語：Sabah I bin Jaber）. However, Sheikh Mubarak Al-Kabir is known as the founder of the modern state of Kuwait. He was instrumental in moving the country away from the Ottoman Empire and toward British influence.

Laos

Fa Ngum is widely considered a founding father of the Lao people. In present-day Laos, Kaysonne Phomvihane and Prince Souphanouvoung are considered the fathers of the Marxist–Leninist state.

Malaysia

Tunku Abdul Rahman (1903–1990) usually known as "the Tunku" (a princely title in Malaysia), and also called Bapa Kemerdekaan (Father of Independence) or Bapa Malaysia (Father of Malaysia), was Chief Minister of the Federation of Malaya from 1955, and the country's first Prime Minister from independence in 1957. He remained Prime Minister after Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore joined in 1963 to form Malaysia.

Mongolia

Genghis Khan (c. 1162–1227), who by uniting the nomadic tribes founded the Mongol Empire, is generally regarded as the father of modern-day Mongolia.^{[來源請求]} Although downcast during the communist-era, Genghis Khan's reputation surged after the democratic revolution in 1990.

Myanmar

Anawrahta is considered to be founder of ancient Burmese Kingdom of Pagan.

General Aung San is the founder of modern Burma (also known as Myanmar). Although he did not live to see the country's independence（英語：Burma Independence Act 1947）, he is credited in forming the basic structure of the independence movement and government. Aung San started his political career in 1930 as the editor of Rangoon University's newspaper – where he accused one of the colonial administrators in Burma of misconduct. In late 1940 he went to Japanese controlled Taiwan and Xiamen to receive military training, and he led the Burma Independence Army（英語：Burma Independence Army）, spearheading the Japanese invasion of Burma. Later, he switched sides to the Allies, and helped in the Burma campaign. After the war, he was appointed to the government of a returning British administration, and was able to negotiate Burma's independence. He helped organized the Panglong Agreement in February 1947, achieving independence for all Burmese territories. However, on Saturday, 19 July 1947, Aung San, along with his cabinet ministers, was assassinated at the secretariat building（英語：Ministers' Building） in Rangoon.

U Nu served as first Prime Minister of Myanmar from 1948 to 1956.

General Ne Win was one of the founders of Tatmadaw. On 1962, 15 years after the independence, he led a military coup that brought him to power. Ne Win established the Burmese Way to Socialism which ruled Burma for 26 years.

Nepal

Prithvi Narayan Shah was largely responsible for the unification of Nepal（英語：unification of Nepal）, and is considered to be the founder of Nepal. His vision of ruling over a unified Nepal is said to have started when atop a hill near Nepa Valley (Present day Kathmandu), he decided he would like to rule over it. His strategic plan was very successful and his successors continued to build on his progress.^[67] Prithvi Narayan Shah's descendants continued to rule over Nepal for a total of 240 years（英語：List of monarchs of Nepal） before the 2006 democracy movement in Nepal toppled the constitutional power exercised by King Gyanendra, before abolishing the monarchy in 2008.

Oman

Sultan Qaboos bin Said changed the name of the country from the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman（英語：Muscat and Oman） to simply Oman.

Pakistan

Pakistan's founder is Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who is hailed as Quaid-e-Azam or "Great Leader" and Baba-e-Qaum or Father of Nation. He founded not only the Islamic Republic of Pakistan but is credited for creating an entirely new nation state. Other prominent founders include the poet Muhammad Iqbal or spiritual Father, believed to be the first person to propagate the idea of a state for India's Muslims, Fatima Jinnah (Mother of nation) and members of Pakistan's first Cabinet such as Liaquat Ali Khan, A. K. Fazlul Huq（英語：A. K. Fazlul Huq）, Abdul Rab Nishtar（英語：Abdul Rab Nishtar）, Malik Feroze Khan Noon（英語：Feroz Khan Noon）, Khwaja Nazimuddin and I. I. Chundrigar.

Some historians credit the Muslim reformist Sir Syed Ahmad Khan as a founder of Pakistan because he provided the Two-Nation Theory which played a central role in the perception of Pakistan and its Muslim nationalist ideology largely based on Iqbal's philosophy and views.

Palestine

Palestinian political leader Yasser Arafat has been considered by some commentators as being the "founding father" of Palestine.^[68]^[69] Born in 1929 in Cairo, Egypt, Arafat soon became a supporter of Arab nationalism and anti-Zionism; in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, he fought alongside the Muslim Brotherhood against the newly independent State of Israel.^[70] From 1969 until 2004, he served as the chairman（英語：Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization） of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), a Palestinian nationalist organization which engaged in a numerous guerrilla conflicts with the Israel Defense Forces during the second half of the 20th century.^[71]

Beginning from 1983 onwards, Arafat based himself in Tunisia and switched to a tactic of negotiating with the Israeli government（英語：Cabinet of Israel）, acknowledging Israel's right to exist（英語：right to exist） in a UN resolution and supporting a two-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Arafat engaged in a series of negotiations with the Israeli government to end the conflict between it and the PLO, including the Madrid Conference of 1991（英語：Madrid Conference of 1991）, the 1993 Oslo Accords and the 2000 Camp David Summit（英語：2000 Camp David Summit）.^[72] In 1994, he returned to Palestine and promoted self-government for the Palestinian territories, receiving the Nobel Peace Prize the same year. Among Palestinians, Arafat is viewed as a martyr who symbolized the national aspirations of his people.^[73]

Philippines

There is no law in the Philippines which officially recognizes any single individual as the "Father of the Nation". Either title may be associated with any of the following prominent historical persons, owing to their impact on the country during their respective times: José Rizal (1861–1896) was a Filipino nationalist during the tail end of the Spanish colonial period of the Philippines. An ophthalmologist by profession, Rizal became a writer and a key member of the Filipino Propaganda Movement which advocated political reforms for the colony under Spain. He was executed by the Spanish colonial government for the crime of rebellion after an anti-colonial revolution, inspired in part by his writings, broke out. Though he was not actively involved in its planning or conduct, he ultimately approved of its goals which eventually led to Philippine independence. He is widely considered one of the greatest heroes of the Philippines, and is implied by Philippine law to be one of the national heroes. He was the author of the novels Noli Me Tángere（英語：Noli Me Tángere (novel)）, and El Filibusterismo, and a number of poems and essays. Andrés Bonifacio (1863–1897) rebel leader during the Philippine Revolution in 1896, which saw armed resistance against the Spanish Empire. Emilio Aguinaldo (1869–1964) Military Leader with the highest rank of Generalissimo of the Philippine Revolution and first president of the Philippines through the 1899 Malolos Congress, which oversaw the promulgation of the Malolos Constitution. Manuel Roxas (1892-1948) served as first President of independent Philippines from 1946 to 1948.

Qatar

Sheikh Jassim Bin Mohammed Bin Thani is the founder of the State of Qatar. He was a military leader, judge and scholar, knight and poet possessing both gallantry and magnanimity.

Saudi Arabia

Abdulaziz Al Saud, also known as Ibn Saud, is the founding father of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. He served as first King from 1932 to 1953.

Singapore

Lee Kuan Yew (1923–2015), often referred to by his initials "LKY", was the first prime minister of the Republic of Singapore, governing for three decades, from 1959 to 1990. Lee has helped to build the economy from a third world country to a first world country and turned Singapore into a metropolis after the separation from Malaysia in 1965.

Sri Lanka

Prince Vijaya（英語：Prince Vijaya） is considered to be the first King of Sri Lanka with Dutugemunu（英語：Dutugemunu） honored as the first king to unify Sri Lanka. D. S. Senanayake (1883–1952) is widely known as the modern (post independence) father of the nation. William Gopallawa (1896–1981) was the first Constitutional President while J. R. Jayewardene (1906–1996) was the first Executive President.

Thailand

Si Inthrathit (1238 - 1270) was the founder of Sukhothai Kingdom, the first Thai kingdom.
Naresuan (1590–1605), who retook（英語：Burmese–Siamese War (1593–1600)） most of Siam from the Burmese
Taksin the Great (1734–1782), who reunited Siam（英語：Taksin's reunification of Siam） following the collapse of the Ayutthaya Kingdom.
Rama I (1737–1809), founder of the Rattanakosin Kingdom and the first monarch of the reigning Chakri dynasty of Siam.

Turkey

Alp Arslan (1029–1072) was the second Sultan of the Seljuk Empire. He greatly expanded the Seljuk territory and consolidated his power, defeating rivals to the south and northwest, and his victory over the Byzantines（英語：Population of the Byzantine Empire） at the Battle of Manzikert, in 1071, ushered in the Turkoman settlement of Anatolia.
Osman I (1258–1324), was the leader of the Kayi tribe and the founder of the Ottoman dynasty.
Mehmed the Conqueror (1432–1481), was an Ottoman sultan who ruled from August 1444 to September 1446, and then later from February 1451 to May 1481. When he ascended the throne again in 1451 he strengthened the Ottoman navy and made preparations to attack Constantinople. At the age of 21, he conquered Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) and brought an end to the Byzantine Empire.
Mahmud II (1785–1839) was the 30th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808 until his death in 1839. His reign is recognized for the extensive administrative, military, and fiscal reforms he instituted, which culminated in the Decree of Tanzimat ("reorganization"). Mahmud's reforms included the 1826 abolition of the conservative Janissary corps, which removed a major obstacle to his and his successors' reforms in the Empire. The reforms he instituted were characterized by political and social changes, which would eventually lead to the birth of the modern Turkish Republic.
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–1938) was the founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey. Following the First World War, the huge conglomeration of territories and peoples that formerly comprised the Ottoman Empire was divided into several new states. The Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923), initiated by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his colleagues in Anatolia, resulted in the establishment of the modern Republic of Turkey (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti) in 1923.^[74] He subsequently introduced many radical reforms with the aim of transforming the old multinational Ottoman state into a new secular republic.^[75]

United Arab Emirates

Initially independent emirates part of the Trucial states, Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan established the United Arab Emirates by joining the seven independent emirates into a federation.

Uzbekistan

In Uzbekistan, no single individual is officially recognized as the "Founder of the Nation." However, different figures have been viewed as founders of Uzbekistan during various eras throughout history.

Amir Timur is widely regarded as the main historical hero for modern Uzbekistan, as he founded the Timurid Empire and made significant contributions to the development of Uzbek Statehood.

Another significant historical figure, Muhammad Shaybani, is considered to be a significant founder of the nation due to his proximity in time to the establishment of the Uzbek state. He was an Uzbek leader who consolidated various Uzbek tribes and laid the foundations for their ascendance in Transoxiana and the establishment of the Khanate of Bukhara.

And Fayzulla Xoʻjayev was the founder of modern Uzbekistan. He first head of the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic, which would later form part of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic. He became well known in the early 20th century as an advocate for Uzbekistani independence and as a leader of the Jadidist movement. This movement aimed to modernize and secularize Islamic society in Central Asia.

Khodzhayev's political career was marked by several challenges, including periods of exile and imprisonment. In 1920, he briefly served as the first prime minister of the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic. As Prime Minister, Khodjaev implemented a series of reforms aimed at promoting industrialization and collectivization in Uzbekistan. He also supported efforts to promote Uzbek culture（英語：Uzbek culture） and language, including the establishment of a national theater and the publication of a national encyclopedia. Khodjaev's political career came to an abrupt end in 1937, when he was arrested as part of Joseph Stalin's Great Purge. He was accused of espionage and treason and was executed in 1938. Today, Khodjaev is remembered as an important figure in the history of Uzbekistan and as a symbol of the complex relationship between the Central Asian republics and the Soviet Union. His legacy continues to be debated, with some seeing him as a progressive reformer and others as a Soviet stooge who contributed to the suppression of Uzbek national identity.

Vietnam

Kinh Dương Vương – Lạc Long Quân and the Hùng Kings were the founders of the Hồng Bàng dynasty – the first dynasty of Vietnam and laid the foundation to form the country of Vietnam.

Yemen

Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din ruled as first independent King of Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen from 1918 to 1948.

歐洲

Albania

Ismail Kemal (24 January 1844 – 26 January 1919) was a distinguished leader of the Albanian national movement（英語：Albanian National Awakening） at the beginning of the 20th century, founder of the modern Albanian state in 1912, and its first prime minister（英語：Prime Minister of Albania） and head of state and government.

Andorra

The first Co-Princes of Andorra were Roger-Bernard III, Count of Foix（英語：Roger-Bernard III, Count of Foix） and Pere d'Urtx（英語：Pere d'Urtx）, Bishop of Urgell, who signed the Paréage（英語：Paréage of Andorra (1278)）, which gave them joint sovereignty over Andorra in 1278.

Austria

Karl Renner, who was the first Chancellor of Austria and the first post-war President of Austria after World War II, is often referred to as the "Father of the Republic" due to his leadership of the First Austrian Republic, and for playing a decisive role in establishing the present Second Austrian republic.

Belarus

Kastuś Kalinoŭski was a revolutionary, publicist and poet, was one of the leaders of the failed January Uprising 1863 – 1864 on the territory of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania on the territory of the Russian Empire.
Janka Kupała was a Belarusian poet and writer of the early 20th century, a major writer and one of the founders of Belarusian national literature（英語：Belarusian literature）. Author of the slogan Žyvie Bielaruś!（英語：Long Live Belarus!）, which is still used today.
Vaclaŭ Lastoŭski（英語：Vaclau Lastouski） was a leading figure of the Belarusian independence movement in the early 20th century and the Prime Minister of the Belarusian Democratic Republic from 1919 to 1923

Belgium

Though there is no official founding father of Belgium, the leaders of the Belgian Revolution, Charles Rogier and Erasme Louis Surlet de Chokier（英語：Erasme Louis Surlet de Chokier）, as well as the first King of the Belgians（英語：Monarchy of Belgium）, Leopold I, were key figures in the independence of Belgium from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Tvrtko I of Bosnia was the founder of the first Bosnian Kingdom.^{[來源請求]}
Husein-kapetan Gradaščević led the revolt against the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II who fought for an autonomous Bosnian State. ^{[來源請求]}

Bulgaria

Mythical rulers of Bulgaria date back as far as 3rd millennium BC.

Medieval

Avitohol (?–453? AD), who researchers claim to be the mythical Attila, is the first name in the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans. He was from the Dulo（英語：Dulo） clan and was succeeded by his son Ernak or Irnik (the second name mentioned in the Nominalia).^[76]
Kubrat（英語：Kubrat） (606–665) was the founder of the powerful Great Bulgaria in 632 AD.
Asparuh (around 640–701) is the most venerated national founder of Bulgaria. He was a son of Kubrat and started attacking and moving southwest of Old Great Bulgaria, towards the Lower Danube in Southeast Europe. Victorious over the Eastern Roman Empire, he established the First Bulgarian Empire in 680–681. Modern day Bulgaria is a direct successor of this state. Asparukh's brother Batbayan stayed ruling the core territories to the north, while Kotrag（英語：Kotrag） migrated further north and founded Volga Bulgaria.
Krum the Fearsome (8th century – 814) – prominent ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire. During his reign the Bulgarian territory doubled in size, spreading from the middle Danube to the Dnieper and from Odrin to the Tatra Mountains. His able and energetic rule brought law and order to Bulgaria and developed the rudiments of state organization, thus he is regarded as an important national founder.^[77]^[78]
Boris I (9th century-2 May 907) officially Christianized Bulgaria in 864, a significant event that shaped the History of Bulgaria and Europe. The historian Steven Runciman called him one of the greatest persons in history.^[79] His son and grandson, tsar Simeon I the Great and tsar Petar I, are also considered as having an important role in the formation and strengthening of the Bulgarian state and nationality.
Samuil (997–1014) – energetic emperor (tsar) that restored Bulgarian might in Southeast Europe, and although the Empire was disestablished after his death, he is regarded as a heroic ruler in Bulgaria,^[80]^[81] as well as in North Macedonia.^[82]
Ivan Asen I, Peter IV and Kaloyan are the three brothers tsars that reestablished Bulgaria after a major uprising (1185–1204).
Euthymius of Tarnovo（英語：Euthymius of Tarnovo） – Patriarch of Bulgaria（英語：Patriarch of Bulgaria） between 1375 and 1393. Regarded as one of the most important figures of medieval Bulgaria, Euthymius was the last head of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church in the Second Bulgarian Empire. Arguably the best esteemed of all Bulgarian patriarchs, Euthymius was an authoritative figure in the Eastern Orthodox world of the time.

Modern

Petar Bogdan（英語：Petar Bogdan） (1601–1674)
Paisius of Hilendar（英語：Paisius of Hilendar） (1722–1773)
Petar Beron（英語：Petar Beron） (1799–1871))
Georgi Rakovski（英語：Georgi Rakovski） (1821–1867)
Dragan Tsankov（英語：Dragan Tsankov） (1828–1911)
Lyuben Karavelov（英語：Lyuben Karavelov） (1834–1879)
Vasil Levski (1837–1873)
Ekzarh Yosif（英語：Joseph I of Bulgaria） (1840–1915)
Vasil Drumev (1841–1901)
Georgi Benkovski（英語：Georgi Benkovski） (1843–1876)
Petko Karavelov (1943–1903)
Hristo Botev (1848–1876)
Zahari Stoyanov（英語：Zahari Stoyanov） (1850–1889)
Ivan Vazov (1850–1921)
Stefan Stambolov (1851–1895)

Croatia

Višeslav（英語：Višeslav of Croatia） was one of the first dukes of Croatia, and the early attested by name.
Tomislav is celebrated as the first king of Croatia and the founder of the first united Croatian state.
Ante Starčević, has been referred to as Father of the Nation due to his campaign for the rights of Croats within Austria-Hungary and his propagation of a Croatian state in a time where many politicians sought unification with other South Slavs.
Franjo Tuđman, first President of the Republic of Croatia 1990–99.^[83] Sometimes referred to as and self-proclaimed "Father of the Nation".^[84]

Cyprus

Makarios III (1913–1977), archbishop and primate of the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Church of Cyprus (1950–1977), and first president of Cyprus (1960–1977), is widely regarded by Greek Cypriots as the Father of the Nation or "Ethnarch（英語：Ethnarch）".^[51]

Conversely, Rauf Denktaş (1924–2012), under Makarios III second and last Vice President of Cyprus (1973–1974), and first President of Northern Cyprus (1983–2005), is considered the founding father of Northern Cyprus.^[52]

Czech Republic

Czech, one of three mythical Slavic brothers who appear together in the Wielkopolska Chronicle（英語：Wielkopolska Chronicle）, is considered the founder of the Czech nation.
Bořivoj I, Duke of Bohemia, one of the first monarchs of the Duchy of Bohemia and the early attested by name.
Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia, main patron saint of the country. Anniversary of his murder on 28 September is celebrated as Statehood Day（英語：Public holidays in the Czech Republic）.
Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia, who is known under honorific title Father of the Homeland.
František Palacký, politician and historian, influential in Czech National Revival movement, known by title Father of the Nation.
Tomáš Masaryk, founder and first president of Czechoslovakia, which independence on 28 October 1918 is today celebrated as factical Independence Day（英語：Public holidays in the Czech Republic）.
Václav Havel, founder of the Civic Forum party that played a major role in the Velvet Revolution that in 1989 toppled the Communist system in Czechoslovakia, was the last (and first democratically elected) president of Czechoslovakia from 1989 until the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1992, and the first president of the Czech Republic from 1993 to 2003.

Denmark

Dan (king)（英語：Dan (king)） (or Halfdan) is the name of the legendary earliest king of the Danes and Denmark, mentioned in medieval Scandinavian texts. He is said to be the progenitor of the nation and the Danish Royal House according to Saxo Grammaticus's Gesta Danorum.
Gorm the Old, the first recorded ruler of Denmark, reigning from c. 936 to his death c. 958. The current King Frederik X of Denmark can trace his heritage back to Gorm the Old. He is called the founder of the kingdom of Denmark, though at the time he did not control the whole country, only Jutland.
Harald Bluetooth was the son of Gorm the old and the first to unite Denmark into a single country by uniting the tribes. Harald ruled as king of Denmark from c. 958 – c. 986. He was baptized and the first Christian king of Denmark and helped Christianize the Danes, which is proclaimed on the Jelling stone.
Niels Ebbesen was a Danish squire and national hero who liberated Denmark, which had been patented away to German barons and landlords. He is known for his killing of Gerhard III, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg in 1340, and in doing so returning control of Jutland and Funen back to the Danish king.

Estonia

Edgar Savisaar（英語：Edgar Savisaar） served as first post-Soviet Prime Minister of Estonia from 1991 to 1992.

Finland

Pehr Evind Svinhufvud served as first Prime Minister of Finland（英語：Prime Minister of Finland） from 1917 to 1918.

France

Vercingetorix: he united the Gauls in a revolt against Roman forces during the last phase of Julius Caesar's Gallic Wars.
Clovis I: King of the Salian Franks (481–509), King of the Franks (509–511); united all the Frankish tribes in Gaul and gave them a common Catholic religion.
Charlemagne: King of the Franks (768–814), Holy Roman Emperor (800–814), King of the Lombards (774–814); considered as a major founding figure of Europe.
Napoleon I: First Consul of France (1799–1804), first President of the Italian Republic (1802–1805), King of Italy（英語：Monarchy of Italy） (1805–1814), Emperor of the French (1804–1814); founded the First French Empire and established many modern French institutions.
Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, later known as Emperor Napoleon III (1852–1870) was the first French President (1848–1852). He was the last Monarch of France.
Charles de Gaulle is a hero of the French resistance to Germany during World War II, and the founder and first president (1959–1969) of the Fifth French Republic.

Georgia

Pharnavaz I (329—237 BC), 1st monarch of the Kingdom of Iberia
Bagrat III (960—1014), 1st monarch of the united Kingdom of Georgia
Noe Ramishvili（英語：Noe Ramishvili） (1881—1930), 1st Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of Georgia
Zviad Gamsakhurdia (1939—1993), 1st President of Georgia

Germany

Before the national unification of Germany in 1871, German nationalists sought out multiple legendary founders of the German nation, such as Arminius, Charlemagne and – as championed by Friedrich Ludwig Jahn and Richard Wagner – Henry the Fowler. Otto von Bismarck (1815–1898), the "Iron Chancellor", engineered the unification of the numerous states of Germany in 1871.^{[來源請求]}

Frederick Barbarossa has, from time to time, been cited as the father and hero of the German people. According to a Germanic medieval legend, Barbarossa was not dead but asleep（英語：king asleep in mountain）, and would awaken in the hour of Germany's greatest need and restore the nation to its former glory. ^[85] This idea gained prominence among German Nationalist movements in the 19th and 20th century. During the German Empire, Kaiser Wilhelm I was declared the reincarnation of Frederick.^[86]^[87] In 1937, Adolf Hitler praised Barbarossa as the emperor who first expressed Germanic cultural ideas and carried them to the outside world through his imperial mission; he would later name his invasion of the Soviet Union.^[88]

Modern, democratic Germany was decisively shaped by the "Fathers of the Basic Law" in the 1948 Constitutional Convention at Herrenchiemsee, and by the first German Chancellor, Konrad Adenauer. For reunified Germany, the slogan "Wir sind das Volk!" ("We are the people!") became symbolic, thus making all Germans founders of modern Germany.^{[來源請求]}

Greece

Ancient

Hellen, mythical progenitor of the Greeks, who gives his name to both the people and the country in the Greek language.
Theseus, semi-legendary founder-hero of Athens^[89]
Solon (594 BC) and Cleisthenes (508/7 BC), inventors of democracy and founders of the Athenian constitution.
Lycurgus of Sparta, founder of the Spartan constitution（英語：Great Rhetra）
Cadmus, founder and first King of Thebes.

Modern

Adamantios Korais, Theophilos Kairis（英語：Theophilos Kairis） and other figures of the Greek Enlightenment（英語：Greek Enlightenment） who contributed to the country's national awakening leading up to its revolution against the Ottoman Empire
Rigas Feraios, writer and revolutionary who is remembered as a national hero and the first victim of the uprising against the Ottomans.
Theodoros Kolokotronis（英語：Theodoros Kolokotronis）, Georgios Karaiskakis（英語：Georgios Karaiskakis）, Andreas Vokos Miaoulis（英語：Andreas Vokos Miaoulis）, Laskarina Bouboulina（英語：Laskarina Bouboulina）, Yannis Makriyannis（英語：Yannis Makriyannis） and other military leaders of the Greek War of Independence
Alexandros Mavrokordatos, President of the First National Assembly at Epidaurus, co-author of the Greek Declaration of Independence and first Provisional Constitution（英語：Greek Constitution of 1822） and first head of government (President of the Executive) of Modern Greece.^[90]
Ioannis Kapodistrias, first head of state of independent Greece (1827–1831) and founder of the modern Greek state
Eleftherios Venizelos, eight-time Prime Minister of Greece, has been labelled as "The Maker of Modern Greece"^[91] and is still widely known as the "Ethnarch（英語：Ethnarch）".^[92]

Hungary

According to Anonymus the fejedelem（英語：fejedelem） who made the Magyars settle into the Carpathian Basin in 896 AD was Árpád. His dynasty reigned over the Hungarian Kingdom from the ninth century until 1301. In Hungary Stephen I of Hungary is commonly regarded as the founder of the nation. He was Hungary's first king and united the Magyar people into the Kingdom of Hungary. Amongst others, Lajos Kossuth is supposed to be the Pater Patriae. He is known as the leader of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 against the Habsburgs, and therefore founder of the modern Hungarian Republic.

Iceland

Jón Sigurðsson（英語：Jón Sigurðsson） was the leader of the 19th century Icelandic independence movement（英語：Icelandic nationalism）.^[93] He was the first president of the Althingi, restored as a legislative branch in 1875.

Ireland

The Irish Free State was established after the Irish War of Independence (1919–21), in which Éamon de Valera, Cathal Brugha（英語：Cathal Brugha） and Michael Collins were key leaders. However, they became antagonists in the Irish Civil War (1922–23), in which Collins and Brugha were killed and de Valera defeated. For decades, the inheritors of the opposing factions bypassed these sensitivities to honour the earlier leaders of the Easter Rising of 1916, in particular the seven signatories of the Proclamation of the Irish Republic: Patrick Pearse, James Connolly, Éamonn Ceannt（英語：Éamonn Ceannt）, Tom Clarke（英語：Tom Clarke (Irish republican)）, Seán Mac Diarmada（英語：Seán Mac Diarmada）, Thomas MacDonagh（英語：Thomas MacDonagh）, and Joseph Plunkett（英語：Joseph Plunkett）.

Italy

Ancient

Romulus, was the legendary founder and first king of Rome, the capital of Italy. Roman myth held that their city was founded by Romulus, son of the war god（英語：war god） Mars and the Vestal virgin Rhea Silvia, fallen princess of Alba Longa and descendant of Aeneas of Troy. Exposed（英語：infant exposure） on the Tiber river, Romulus and his twin Remus were suckled by a she-wolf（英語：she-wolf (Roman mythology)） at the Lupercal（英語：Lupercal） before being raised by the shepherd Faustulus, taking revenge on their usurping great-uncle Amulius, and restoring Alba Longa to their grandfather Numitor（英語：Numitor）. The brothers then decided to establish a new town but quarrelled over some details, ending with Remus's murder and the establishment of Rome on the Palatine Hill.
Julius Caesar was a Roman general and statesman. A member of the First Triumvirate, Caesar led the Roman armies in the Gallic Wars before defeating his political rival Pompey in a civil war, and subsequently became dictator from 49 BC until his assassination in 44 BC. He played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire. After assuming control of government, Caesar began a program of social and governmental reforms, including the creation of the Julian calendar. He gave citizenship to many residents of far regions of the Roman Republic. He initiated land reform and support for veterans.
Scipio Africanus – he was a Roman general and statesman, most notable as one of the main architects of Rome's victory against Carthage in the Second Punic War. Often regarded as one of the best military commanders and strategists of all time, his greatest military achievement was the defeat of Hannibal at the Battle of Zama in 202 BC. This victory in Africa earned him the epithet Africanus, literally meaning "the African," but meant to be understood as a conqueror of Africa. Scipio Africanus is mentioned in Il Canto degli Italiani, the national anthem of Italy since 1946.
Augustus was the founder of the Roman Empire. He reigned as the first Roman emperor from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. The reign of Augustus initiated an imperial cult（英語：Roman imperial cult）, as well as an era of imperial peace（英語：regional hegemony） (the Pax Romana or Pax Augusta) in which the Roman world was largely free of armed conflict. The Principate system of government was established during his reign and lasted until the Crisis of the Third Century. Augustus dramatically enlarged the empire, annexing Egypt, Dalmatia, Pannonia, Noricum, and Raetia, expanding possessions in Africa, and completing the conquest of Hispania, but he suffered a major setback in Germania. Beyond the frontiers, he secured the empire with a buffer region of client states and made peace with the Parthian Empire through diplomacy. He reformed the Roman system of taxation, developed networks of roads with an official courier system（英語：cursus publicus）, established a standing army, established the Praetorian Guard as well as official police and fire-fighting services for Rome, and rebuilt much of the city during his reign. Augustus created during the Roman Empire for the first time an administrative region called Italia（英語：Name of Italy） with inhabitants called Italicus Populus; for this reason historians called him Father of Italians.^[94]
Constantine the Great was a Roman emperor from AD 306 to 337 and the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity. He played a pivotal role in elevating the status of Christianity in Rome, decriminalizing Christian practice and ceasing Christian persecution in a period referred to as the Constantinian shift（英語：Constantinian shift）.^[95] This initiated the cessation of the established ancient Roman religion. Constantine is also the originator of the religiopolitical（英語：Religion in politics） ideology known as Constantinianism（英語：Constantinianism）, which epitomizes the unity of church and state, as opposed to separation of church and state.^[96] He founded the city of Constantinople and made it the capital of the Empire, which remained so for over a millennium.

Medieval

Alberto da Giussano（英語：Alberto da Giussano） is a legendary character of the 12th century who would have participated, as a protagonist, in the battle of Legnano on 29 May 1176.^[97] In reality, according to historians, the actual military leader of the Lombard League in the famous military battle with Frederick Barbarossa was Guido da Landriano（英語：Guido da Landriano）.^[98] Historical analyses made over time have indeed shown that the figure of Alberto da Giussano never existed.^[99] In the past, historians, attempting to find a real confirmation, hypothesized the identification of his figure with Albertus de Carathe (Alberto da Carate) and Albertus Longus (Alberto Longo), both among the Milanese who signed the pact in Cremona in March 1167 which established the Lombard League, or in an Alberto da Giussano mentioned in an appeal of 1196 presented to Pope Celestine III on the administration of the church-hospital of San Sempliciano. These, however, are all weak identifications, given that they lack clear and convincing historical confirmation.^[97]^[100] The battle of Legnano ended the fifth and last descent into Italy of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa,^[101] who after the defeat tried to resolve the Italian question by adopting a diplomatic approach. This resulted a few years later in the Peace of Constance (25 June 1183), with which the Emperor recognized the Lombard League and made administrative, political, and judicial concessions to the municipalities, officially ending his attempt to dominate northern Italy.^[102] The battle is alluded to in the Canto degli Italiani by Goffredo Mameli and Michele Novaro（英語：Michele Novaro）, the national anthem of Italy since 1946, which reads: «From the Alps to Sicily, Legnano is everywhere» in memory of the victory of Italian populations over foreign ones.^[103]
Cola di Rienzo, led a revolt in Rome, became the Tribune and later attempted to unify Italy.^[104] In July 1347, in a decree, he proclaimed the sovereignty of the Roman people over the empire. But before this he had set to work on restoring the authority of Rome over the cities and provinces of Italy, of making the city again caput mundi. He wrote letters to the cities of Italy, asking them to send representatives to an assembly which would meet on 1 August, when the formation of a great federation under the headship of Rome would be considered. On the appointed day, a number of representatives appeared, and Cola issued an edict citing Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor and his rival Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, and also the imperial electors and all others concerned in the dispute, to appear before him in order that he might pronounce judgment.^[105]The following day, the festival of the unity of Italy was celebrated, but neither this nor the previous meeting had any practical result. Cola's power, however, was recognized in the Kingdom of Naples, and both Joan I of Naples and Louis I of Hungary appealed to him for protection and aid, and on 15 August with great pomp he was crowned Tribune. Ferdinand Gregorovius（英語：Ferdinand Gregorovius） says this ceremony "was the fantastic caricature in which ended the imperium of Charles the Great. A world where political action was represented in such guise was ripe for overthrow, or could only be saved by a great mental reformation."^[105]

Modern

Giuseppe Mazzini (left), highly influential leader of the Italian revolutionary movement; and Giuseppe Garibaldi (right), celebrated as one of the greatest generals of modern times^[106] and as the "Hero of the Two Worlds" because of his military enterprises in South America and Europe,^[107] who fought in many military campaigns that led to Italian unification

Victor Emmanuel II (left) and Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour (right), leading figures in unification, became respectively the first King and Prime Minister of unified Italy.

Napoleon Bonaparte was the first to use the title of President of the Italian Republic. Born on the island of Corsica to a family of Italian origin, Napoleon Bonaparte was a French military officer and statesman who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led a series of successful campaigns（英語：Military career of Napoleon Bonaparte） across Europe during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars from 1796 to 1815. He was the leader of the French Republic as First Consul from 1799 to 1804, then of the French Empire as Emperor of the French from 1804 to 1814, and briefly again in 1815. The Napoleonic Italian Republic was a short-lived (1802–1805) republic located in Northern Italy. Its capital was Milan and it consisted of the same areas that had comprised the Cisalpine Republic, primarily Lombardy and Romagna. In 1805, following Bonaparte's assumption of the title of Emperor of the French, the Italian Republic was transformed into the Kingdom of Italy (Regno d'Italia), with Napoleon as king and his stepson Eugène de Beauharnais as viceroy. The modern presidential standard of Italy（英語：presidential standard of Italy） standard recalls the colors of the flag of Italy, with particular reference to the standard of the historic Napoleonic Italian Republic.
King Victor Emmanuel II, Giuseppe Garibaldi, Prime Minister Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, and Giuseppe Mazzini have been referred to as the "Four Fathers of the Fatherland" for their contribution to Italian unification. Italy was unified（英語：Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy） in 1861 and Rome became its capital in 1870.^[108]
- Victor Emmanuel II was King of Sardinia（英語：Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)） (also known as Piedmont-Sardinia) from 23 March 1849 until 17 March 1861, when he assumed the title of King of Italy and became the first king of an independent, united Italy since the 6th century, a title he held until his death in 1878. Borrowing from the old Latin title Pater Patriae of the Roman emperors, the Italians gave him the epithet of Father of the Fatherland (腳本錯誤：函數「langx」不存在。). The Italian national Victor Emmanuel II Monument in Rome, containing the Altare della Patria, was built in his honour.
- Giuseppe Garibaldi was a general, patriot, revolutionary and republican. He contributed to Italian unification (Risorgimento) and the creation of the Kingdom of Italy（英語：Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy）. Garibaldi is also known as the "Hero of the Two Worlds" because of his military enterprises in South America and Europe.^[109] It is celebrated as one of the greatest generals of modern times^[106] and fought in many military campaigns that led to Italian unification.
- Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour was a politician, statesman, businessman, economist, and noble, and a leading figure in the movement towards Italian unification.^[110] Cavour put forth several economic reforms in his native region of Piedmont, at that time part of the Kingdom of Sardinia（英語：Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)）, in his earlier years and founded the political newspaper Il Risorgimento（英語：Il Risorgimento (newspaper)）. After being elected to the Chamber of Deputies（英語：Chamber of Deputies (Kingdom of Sardinia)）, he quickly rose in rank through the Piedmontese government, coming to dominate the Chamber of Deputies through a union of centre-left and centre-right politicians. After a large rail system expansion program, Cavour became prime minister in 1852. As prime minister, Cavour successfully negotiated Piedmont's way through the Crimean War, the Second Italian War of Independence, and Garibaldi's Expedition of the Thousand, managing to manoeuvre Piedmont diplomatically to become a new great power in Europe, controlling a nearly united Italy that was five times as large as Piedmont had been before he came to power.
- Giuseppe Mazzini was a politician, journalist, and activist for the unification of Italy (Risorgimento) and spearhead of the Italian revolutionary movement. His efforts helped bring about the independent and unified Italy in place of the several separate states, many dominated by foreign powers, that existed until the 19th century.^[111] An Italian nationalist（英語：Italian nationalist） in the historical radical tradition and a proponent of a republicanism of social-democratic inspiration, Mazzini helped define the modern European movement for popular democracy in a republican state.^[112] Mazzini's thoughts had a very considerable influence on the Italian and European republican movements, in the Constitution of Italy, about Europeanism（英語：Europeanism） and more nuanced on many politicians of a later period, among them American president Woodrow Wilson, British prime minister David Lloyd George, Mahatma Gandhi, Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru, Indian independence activist Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, and Israeli prime minister Golda Meir.^[113]^[114]
Vittorio Emanuele Orlando was an statesman, who served as the prime minister of Italy from October 1917 to June 1919. Orlando is best known for representing Italy in the 1919 Paris Peace Conference with his foreign minister Sidney Sonnino. He was also known as "Premier of Victory" for defeating the Central Powers along with the Entente in World War I.^[115] Italy entered into World War I in 1915 with the aim of completing national unity: for this reason, it is also considered the Fourth Italian War of Independence（英語：Fourth Italian War of Independence）,^[116] in a historiographical perspective that identifies in the latter the conclusion of the unification of Italy, whose military actions began during the revolutions of 1848 with the First Italian War of Independence.^[117]^[118] He was also the provisional president of the Chamber of Deputies（英語：List of presidents of the Chamber of Deputies (Italy)） between 1943 and 1945, and a member of the Constituent Assembly（英語：Constituent Assembly of Italy） that changed the Italian form of government into a republic. Aside from his prominent political role, Orlando was a professor of law and is known for his writings on legal and judicial issues, which number over a hundred works.^[119]
The anti-fascist members of the Constituent Assembly of Italy（英語：Constituent Assembly of Italy） are considered the "fathers" of the modern Italian Republic, which replaced the Monarchy after a referendum in 1946. The assembly was formed by the representatives of all the forces that contributed to the defeat of Nazi and Fascist forces during the liberation of Italy.^[120] After WWII the Italian society was divided, and the economy all but destroyed—per capita income in 1944 was at its lowest point since 1900.^[121] The aftermath left Italy angry with the monarchy for its endorsement of the Fascist regime, contributing to a revival of Italian republicanism.^[122] Prominent members among them included the christian democratic Alcide De Gasperi (also counted among the founding fathers of the European Union), the communist Palmiro Togliatti, the social democratic Giuseppe Saragat, the liberal Enrico De Nicola (he later became the first president of Italy), the republican Cipriano Facchinetti（英語：Cipriano Facchinetti） and the liberal Vittorio Emanuele Orlando (the "premier of victory" in WWI).. De Gasperi was the last prime minister of the Kingdom of Italy, serving under both Victor Emmanuel III and Umberto II. He was also the first prime minister of the Italian Republic, and also briefly served as provisional head of state after the Italian people voted to end the monarchy and establish a republic.

Kosovo

It is likely that the Kosovo Albanians regard Ibrahim Rugova as a key figure, since he was the one that brought an independence movement of Kosovo from the fall of Yugoslavia. Additionally, Rugova ruled Kosovo from the 1992 till 2006 as president of the nation, and ever since has been regarded as the National Hero of Kosovo, and led to further independence in 2008 from Serbia to which now 97 nations have recognised Kosovo as of September 2021.

Latvia

Most Latvians regard Kārlis Ulmanis, a key figure in the Latvian war of independence and four-times Prime Minister of Latvia, as being the founding father of modern Latvia.

Liechtenstein

Karl I became the first Prince of Liechtenstein in 1608.
Hans-Adam I purchased the domain of Schellenberg and the county of Vaduz which would eventually form the modern day Lichtenstein.
Johann I drafted the first constitution of Lichtenstein, in 1818.

Lithuania

The first and the only king (1251–1263) of Lithuania, Mindaugas, is seen as the founder of the Lithuanian state, as is commemorated on Statehood Day（英語：Statehood Day (Lithuania)） on 6 July.^[123] Dr. Jonas Basanavičius, activist and proponent of the Lithuanian National Revival（英語：Lithuanian National Revival） in the turn of the 19th century into the 20th, who participated in every major event leading to the independence of Lithuania, member of the Council of Lithuania which on 16 February 1918 declared Lithuania an independent state, is universally considered the "Patriarch of the Nation".^[124]

Luxembourg

Sigfried, Count of the Ardennes

Malta

Anthony Mamo（英語：Anthony Mamo） (1909–2008) was the first president of the Republic of Malta.

Moldova

Bogdan I of Moldavia^[125]
Stephen the Great^[126]
Alexandru Lăpușneanu（英語：Alexandru Lăpușneanu）^[127]

Monaco

François Grimaldi became the first Lord of Monaco when he captured the Rock of Monaco in 1297.
Honoré II, Prince of Monaco secured recognition of independent sovereignty from Spain in 1633, and then from France by signing the Treaty of Péronne（英語：Treaty of Péronne (1641)） in 1641.

Montenegro

Petar I Petrović-Njegoš（英語：Petar I Petrović-Njegoš） (1747–1830) acquired de facto independence for Montenegro from the Ottoman Empire and created the first Montenegrin law in the modern era.

Netherlands

Prince William I of Orange (1533–1584) or William the Silent, is known as the father of the Netherlands. He led the Dutch in their Revolt against Spain for their independence. Today he is often called Vader des Vaderlands ("Father of the Fatherland").^[128]

North Macedonia

Kiro Gligorov (first president of independent Macedonia).^[129]

Norway

King Harald Fairhair, who unified Norway and ruled c. 872–930, is often considered the founder of the nation.
Usually the Norwegian Constituent Assembly（英語：Norwegian Constituent Assembly） at Eidsvoll in 1814, consisting of 112 men（英語：List of members of the Norwegian Constitutional Assembly） from most of the country, in Norway often referred to as Eidsvoll Men or the Fathers of the Constitution.^[130]

Poland

Legendary:

Lech, legendary first leader of Polans tribe.

Kingdom of Poland and Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów:

Mieszko I (c. 920/45–992), the first historical ruler of Poland, Mieszko I is considered the de facto creator of the Polish state. He was a Duke of the Polans from about 960 until his death. Mieszko I's marriage in 965 to the Přemyslid princess Dobrawa and his baptism in 966 put him and his country in the cultural sphere of Western Christianity. According to existing sources, Mieszko I was a wise politician, a talented military leader and charismatic ruler. He successfully used diplomacy, concluding an alliance with Bohemia first, and then with Sweden and the Holy Roman Empire. In foreign policy, he placed the interests of his country foremost, even entering into agreements with former enemies. On his death, he left to his sons a country of greatly expanded territory, with a well-established position in Europe. Mieszko I also appeared as "Dagome" in a papal document from about 1085, called "Dagome iudex（英語：Dagome iudex）", which mentions a gift or dedication of Mieszko's land to the Pope (the act took place almost a hundred years earlier).
Bolesław I Chrobry (967–1025), was Duke of Poland from 992 to 1025, and the first King of Poland in 1025. He was the son of Mieszko I of Poland by his wife, Dobrawa of Bohemia. He supported the missionary views of Adalbert, Bishop of Prague, and Bruno of Querfurt（英語：Bruno of Querfurt）. The martyrdom of Adalbert in 997 and his imminent canonization were used to consolidate Poland's autonomy from the Holy Roman Empire. This perhaps happened most clearly during the Congress of Gniezno (11 March 1000), which resulted in the establishment of a Polish church structure with a Metropolitan See（英語：Metropolitan See） at Gniezno. This See was independent of the German Archbishopric of Magdeburg（英語：Archbishopric of Magdeburg）, which had tried to claim jurisdiction over the Polish church. Following the Congress of Gniezno, bishoprics were also established in Kraków, Wrocław and Kołobrzeg, and Bolesław formally repudiated paying tribute to the Holy Roman Empire. In the summer of 1018, in one of his expeditions, Bolesław I captured Kiev, where he installed his son-in-law Sviatopolk I as ruler. According to legend, Bolesław chipped his sword when striking Kiev's Golden Gate. Later, in honor of this legend, a sword called Szczerbiec（英語：Szczerbiec） ("Jagged Sword") would become the coronation sword of Poland's kings. Bolesław I was a remarkable politician, strategist, and statesman. He not only turned Poland into a country comparable to older western monarchies, but he raised it to the front rank of European states. Bolesław conducted successful military campaigns in the west, south and east. He consolidated Polish lands and conquered territories outside the borders of modern-day Poland, including Slovakia, Moravia, Red Ruthenia, Meissen, Lusatia, and Bohemia. He was a powerful mediator in Central European affairs. Finally, as the culmination of his reign, in 1025 he had himself crowned King of Poland. He was the first Polish ruler to receive the title of rex (Latin: "king").

Władysław II Jagiełło (c. 1352/1362 – 1434) was the Grand Duke of Lithuania (1377–1434) and then the King of Poland (1386–1434), first alongside his wife Jadwiga until 1399, and then sole King of Poland. He ruled in Lithuania from 1377. Born a pagan, in 1386 he converted to Catholicism and was baptized as Władysław in Kraków, married the young Queen Jadwiga, and was crowned King of Poland as Władysław II Jagiełło. In 1387 he converted Lithuania to Christianity. His own reign in Poland started in 1399, upon the death of Queen Jadwiga, and lasted a further thirty-five years and laid the foundation for the centuries-long Polish–Lithuanian union（英語：Polish–Lithuanian union）. The dynasty ruled both states until 1572, and became one of the most influential dynasties in late medieval and early modern Central and Eastern Europe. During his reign, the Polish-Lithuanian state was the largest state in the Christian world. The reign of Władysław II Jagiełło extended Polish frontiers and is often considered the beginning of Poland's Golden Age（英語：Polish Golden Age）.
Zygmunt II August (1520–1572), was the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania（英語：Grand Duke of Lithuania）, the only son of Sigismund I the Old, whom Sigismund II succeeded in 1548. In 1569 he oversaw the signing of the Union of Lublin between Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and introduced an elective monarchy.
Tadeusz Kościuszko (1746–1817) was a Polish-Lithuanian military engineer, statesman, and military leader who became a national hero in Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, and the United States. He fought in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's struggles against Russia and Prussia, and on the U.S. side in the American Revolutionary War. As Supreme Commander of the Polish National Armed Forces, he led the 1794 Kościuszko Uprising.

Fathers of Polish Independence:

Józef Piłsudski (1867–1935), was a Polish statesman who served as the Chief of State（英語：Naczelnik państwa） (1918–22) and First Marshal of Poland (from 1920). From World War I he had great power in Polish politics and was a distinguished figure on the international scene. He is viewed as a father of the Druga Rzeczpospolita Polska re-established in 1918, 123 years after the 1795 Partitions of Poland by Austria, Prussia and Russia.
Roman Dmowski (1864–1939), was a Polish politician, statesman, polyglot, and the leader of National Democracy（英語：National Democracy (Poland)） movement. He was represented Poland at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919.
Ignacy Jan Paderewski (1860–1941), was a Polish pianist and composer, freemason, politician, statesman and spokesman for Polish independence. He was a favorite of concert audiences around the world. His musical fame opened access to diplomacy and the media. Paderewski played an important role in meeting with President Woodrow Wilson and obtaining the explicit inclusion of independent Poland as point 13 in Wilson's peace terms in 1918, called the Fourteen Points. He was the Prime Minister of Poland（英語：List of Prime Ministers of Poland） and also Poland's foreign minister in 1919, and represented Poland at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919.
Wojciech Korfanty (1873–1939), was a Polish activist, journalist and politician, who served as a member of the German parliaments, the Reichstag and the Prussian Landtag, and later, in the Polish Sejm. Briefly, he also was a paramilitary leader, known for organizing the Polish Silesian Uprisings in Upper Silesia, which after World War I was contested by Germany and Poland. Korfanty fought to protect Poles from discrimination and the policies of Germanisation in Upper Silesia before the war and sought to join Silesia to Poland after Poland regained its independence.
Wincenty Witos (1874–1945), was a Polish politic and the leader of the Polish Peasants' Movement（英語：Polish People's Party "Piast" (1913–31)）. Witos was also a leader of Polish Liquidation Committee（英語：Polish Liquidation Committee）, formed in Kraków in 1918.
Ignacy Daszyński (1866–1936), was a Polish socialist politician, journalist, and Prime Minister of the Provisional People's Government of the Republic of Poland（英語：Provisional People's Government of the Republic of Poland）, formed in Lublin in 1918.
Józef Haller von Hallenburg（英語：Józef Haller） (1873–1960) was a lieutenant general of the Polish Army, a legionary in the Polish Legions, harcmistrz（英語：harcmistrz） (the highest Scouting instructor rank in Poland), the president of the Polish Scouting and Guiding Association (ZHP), and a political and social activist. After the Peace of Brest-Litovsk he arrived in France in July 1918, where on behalf of the Polish National Committee（英語：Polish National Committee (1917–19)） he created what was known as the Blue Army (from the color of its French uniforms, also known as Haller's Army). For the next few months his army, allied to the Entente, would fight against Germany.

Portugal

Viriathus was the most important leader of the Lusitanian people that resisted Roman expansion into western Hispania or Iberia (as the Greeks called it). Today Viriathus is regarded as a national hero and an enduring symbol of Portuguese nationality and independence, portrayed by artists and celebrated by its people throughout the centuries.
Henry of Burgundy (1066–1112), was appointed Count of Portugal as a reward for military services to Kingdom of León, and with the purpose of expanding the territory southwards. And, more importantly, his son, Count Afonso I of Portugal (1109–1185), a Templar Brother who took control of the county after Henry died and was recognized by the Holy See, in 1179, as the first King of Portugal, through the Manifestis Probatum（英語：Manifestis Probatum） bull.^{[來源請求]}

Romania

Burebista（英語：Burebista） is considered the great king who unified all the Dacian tribes. He is also known for creating a powerful empire that stretched from west to the Adriatic Sea and Southern Germany, from east to the Black Sea, from north to Southern Poland and from south to Greek Macedonia and Eastern Thrace. He is considered by many Romanians as a national hero. The Dacian Kingdom under Burebista was the greatest territorial extent in Romania's history.
Decebalus and Trajan are considered to be the fathers of the Romanian people, as Roman veterans were settled on the present-day territory of Romania following Trajan's Dacian Wars.^{[來源請求]}
Basarab I the Founder (c. 1270-1351/1352) was the great voivode of Wallachia. Basarab either came into power between 1304 and 1324 by dethroning or peacefully succeeding the legendary founder of Wallachia, Radu Negru, or in 1310 by succeeding his father, Thocomerius. In 1330 he defeated Charles I of Hungary at the battle of Posada（英語：battle of Posada）, and the first independent Romanian state was consequently founded. He founded the Basarab dynasty and his descendants ruled Wallachia for more than three centuries. From the middle of the 14th century, some foreign chronicles used derivations of his name: "Basarab", when referring to Wallachia.
Michael the Brave (1558–1601) was the Prince of Wallachia (1593–1601), Prince of Moldavia (1600) and de facto ruler of Transylvania (1599–1600). He is considered one of Romania's greatest national heroes. Since the 19th century, Michael the Brave has been regarded as a symbol of the unity of all Romanians, as his reign marked the first time all states mainly inhabited by Romanians were under the same ruler.
Alexandru Ioan Cuza was elected as the first leader of the modern Romanian state. He presided over Wallachia and Moldavia in a personal union, which later became permanent even though he was forced to abdicate.
Carol I was the first King of Romania that obtained the independence of the country.
Ion C. Brătianu established the foundation of the modern Romanian State.
Mihail Kogălniceanu established the foundation of the modern Romanian State.
Ferdinand I was King of Romania when the country gained Transylvania and Bessarabia.

Russia

Rurik, a Varangian prince and the legendary founder of the royal Rurikid dynasty, established the first Russian state in Novgorod the Great in 862.
Ivan IV, known as Ivan the Terrible, Grand Prince of Moscow from the Rurikid dynasty, established the Tsardom of Muscovy and was proclaimed the first Tsar of Russia（英語：Tsar of Russia） in 1547.
Mikhail I of Russia was the first Tsar of Russia（英語：Tsar of Russia） from the House of Romanov, elected to the throne by the Zemsky Sobor in 1613. His elevation marked the end of the period of political and civil strife known as the Time of Troubles.
Peter the Great, Tsar and then Emperor of Russia from the House of Romanov, founded Saint Petersburg in 1703 and established the Russian Empire in 1721, inaugurating the imperial period of Russian history that lasted until the February Revolution of 1917.
Vladimir Lenin was the founder of Soviet Russia and later, the Soviet Union
Boris Yeltsin was the first president of the Russian Federation as an independent state. He was first elected to the presidency in June 1991, while the Russian Federation was still a part of the USSR, and re-elected in 1996.

San Marino

Saint Marinus was the founder of the world's oldest surviving republic, San Marino, in 301. Tradition holds that he was a stonemason by trade who came from the island of Rab on the other side of the Adriatic Sea (modern Croatia), fleeing persecution for his Christian beliefs in the Diocletianic Persecution.

Serbia

Stefan Nemanja, grand prince of the medieval Serbian Grand Principality that would eventually evolve into the Serbian Kingdom and Serbian Empire. He is the founder of the Nemanjić dynasty.
Karađorđe, revolutionary who led the struggle for Serbia's liberation and independence from the Ottoman Empire during the First Serbian Uprising（英語：First Serbian Uprising）. He is the founder of the Karađorđević dynasty and bears the honorific title Father of the Nation.^[131]
Miloš Obrenović, a revolutionary who led the struggle for Serbia's liberation and independence from the Ottoman Empire during the Second Serbian Uprising（英語：Second Serbian Uprising）. He is the founder of the Obrenović dynasty and bears the honorific title Father of the Nation.^[132]

Slovakia

Many Slovaks see Great Moravia as their ancestors, which would make Mojmír I a founder.

Slovenia

France Bučar（英語：France Bučar） is a Slovenian politician, legal expert and author. Between 1990 and 1992, he served as the first chairman of the freely elected Slovenian Parliament. He was the one to formally declare the independence of Slovenia on 25 June 1991. He is considered one of the founders of Slovenian democracy and independence. He is also considered, together with Peter Jambrek（英語：Peter Jambrek）, as the main author of the current Slovenian constitution. Jože Pučnik（英語：Jože Pučnik） was president of DEMOS（英語：Democratic Opposition of Slovenia） and one of the main persons in the Slovenian fight for independence. The largest Slovenian airport is named Letališče Jožeta Pučnika (Jože Pučnik airport). Lojze Peterle（英語：Lojze Peterle） was first prime minister of Slovenia and Milan Kučan was the first president. Janez Janša was the first minister of defense, and played a big role in the development of Slovenian Territorial Defence（英語：Slovenian Territorial Defence）, together with Janez Slapar who was the first chief of staff. The first Minister of Interior（英語：Minister of Interior） was Igor Bavčar（英語：Igor Bavčar）, who helped the Slovenian Territorial Defense（英語：Slovenian Territorial Defense） defeat the Yugoslav Army with the police.

Spain

The Catholic Monarchs, Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, unified Spain in the 15th century. Both came from the noble House of Trastámara. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor was the first to inherit the dynastic union and the first Habsburg monarch. His successor, Philip II of Spain, established a capital in Madrid. The first Bourbon King of Spain was Philip V of Spain, who is also responsible for the de jure unification of the country.

Sweden

While Sweden had existed as a monarchy of sorts long before his time, Birger Jarl, father of and regent for Valdemar, King of Sweden, can be said to have established Sweden as a nation. Birger was Jarl in the years 1248–66.

Gustav I of Sweden, who secured Sweden's independence from Denmark in 1523, is often considered a father of the nation.

Switzerland

Both the anonymous Eidgenossen（英語：Eidgenossen） who drew up the Federal Charter of 1291, or the liberal statesmen who helped found the modern Swiss Confederation in 1848 can be considered the founders of Switzerland. Among the latter, those who became the first members of the Swiss Federal Council were perhaps the most notable: Ulrich Ochsenbein, Jakob Stämpfli, Jonas Furrer, Josef Munzinger, Henri Druey, Friedrich Frey-Herosé, Wilhelm Matthias Naeff and Stefano Franscini.^{[來源請求]}

Ukraine

Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv were brothers who founded city of Kyiv in 482 CE

Oleg the Wise who was first Grand Prince of Kiev and created Kyivan Rus in 880

Daniel of Galicia was King of Ruthenia

In 1648, Bohdan Khmelnytsky and Petro Doroshenko led the largest of the Cossack uprisings（英語：Cossack uprisings） against the Commonwealth and the Polish king.

Mykhailo Hrushevsky was the President the Central Council of Ukraine People's Republic.

Leonid Kravchuk is the First President of Ukraine elected in 1991.

United Kingdom

Alfred the Great is generally considered the first King of England, while the modern English polity is often considered founded by William the Conqueror, William I of England following the Norman Conquest, and from which the present Royal Family continue to assert descent. The first Monarch to unite all of Scotland was Kenneth MacAlpin in 843. Ireland was brought under Norman English dominion in 1189 under Henry II of England, Wales was subdued between 1093 and 1293; before this Brian Boru in Ireland and Owain the Great in Wales had been figures of national importance in the context of fragmented polities. Scotland and England had a centuries long history of invasion and counter invasion, and the Scottish national heroes William Wallace and Robert the Bruce, as well as the Declaration of Arbroath, asserting Scottish nationhood and sovereignty, date from that period.

Scotland and England were finally united dynastically rather than militarily, and James VI and I was regarded by some as the first king of Great Britain (both England and Scotland). The sovereign United Kingdom of Great Britain, however, dates from the Acts of Union 1707, under Queen Anne, while the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, later Northern Ireland, was created in 1801 by a further Act of Union - up to that point Great Britain and Ireland were de jure two separate kingdoms in personal Union. Robert Walpole is generally considered the first Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

Following Irish independence, the Northern Ireland Parliament（英語：Parliament of Northern Ireland） operated largely autonomously from London, with the leaders Edward Carson（英語：Edward Carson） and Sir James Craig（英語：Sir James Craig）, Lord Craigavon, considered by unionists to be its founding fathers. The reinstallment of the Scottish Parliament as a devolved institution in 1999 under the influence of Donald Dewar（英語：Donald Dewar） led to his recognition as the "Father of Scottish devolution" and "Father of the Nation".

Vatican City

Peter the Apostle is seen as the first pope.

Vatican City took on its modern form under the Lateran Treaty signed by Pope Pius XI.

大洋洲

Australia

Early colonial era

Captain Arthur Phillip was the first Governor of New South Wales and founder of the first British colony in Australia.^[133]
Governor Lachlan Macquarie is considered by historians to have had a crucial influence on the transition of New South Wales from a penal colony to a free settlement and therefore to have played a major role in the shaping of Australian society in the early nineteenth century.
William Wentworth（英語：William Wentworth） advocated for the rights of emancipist（英語：emancipist）s and for representative self-government; he led the drafting of New South Wales' first self-governing constitution establishing the Parliament of New South Wales（英語：Parliament of New South Wales）, Australia's first parliament. He was among the first colonists to promote a nascent form of Australian nationalism（英語：Australian nationalism）.

Late colonial and federation era

Sir Henry Parkes（英語：Henry Parkes）, colonial Australian politician, premier of New South Wales and "Father of Federation"

Sir Henry Parkes（英語：Henry Parkes） is often regarded as the "Father of Federation" in Australia. During the late 19th century, he was the strongest proponent for a federation of Australian territories. However, he died before Australia federated, and was never able to see his plan come to fruition.^[134]
Andrew Inglis Clark（英語：Andrew Inglis Clark） is another founding father of Australia. He largely wrote the Australian Constitution in addition to developing the Hare-Clark（英語：Hare-Clark） system of voting and pushing for universal adult suffrage and other progressive ideals that would become law early in Australia's history.
Alfred Deakin also stands out as a significant founding father as he attended all the Federation Conferences, he gave up 10 years of senior political appointments to travel the country promoting federation and was Australia's first Attorney General. He was instrumental in securing Edmond Barton as the first Prime Minister while Deakin went on to be Australia's 2nd, 5th and 7th Prime Minister. Deakin was responsible for establishing the High Court, Australian Navy, and many other important acts of parliament. Sir Robert Menzies is on record for saying he was Australia's greatest Prime Ministers.^[135]
John Dunmore Lang（英語：John Dunmore Lang）. Although passing away over two decades before federation, John Dunmore Lang was a strong advocate of a federation of the Australian colonies as a democratic republic, independent from the British Empire.^[136]^[137]

Federated States of Micronesia

Chief Justice Andon Amaraich（英語：Andon Amaraich） is regarded as "one of the founding fathers of the Federated States of Micronesia".^[138]^[139]

Fiji

Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara is widely viewed as the "Founding Father" of an independent Fiji.^[140]^[141]^[142]^[143]^[144]

Nauru

Hammer DeRoburt dominated the political scene for the first two decades of the republic; he served as president for most of the postindependence period until being voted out of office in 1989. Thereafter, national politics was marked by a series of weak, short-lived governments; the presidency tended to be traded among a small number of politicians.

New Zealand

Maori people consider Kupe, a mythologised figure who led the first Polynesian migration to New Zealand from Hawaiki（英語：Hawaiki） in the 10th century, to be a founding figure and the common ancestor of all Maori. In the 19th century, the Scottish businessman, James Busby（英語：James Busby）, drafted the Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand（英語：Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand） and co-authored the Treaty of Waitangi with the Royal Navy officer, William Hobson（英語：William Hobson）. It is considered by many to be the founding document of the nation of New Zealand.^[145]

Papua New Guinea

Grand Chief（英語：Order of Logohu） Sir Michael Somare is viewed as the "Founding Father" of Papua New Guinea.^[146]^[147]^[148]^[149] The leading figure during the country's transition to independence from Australia, he was Papua New Guinea's first Prime Minister.

Tonga

King George Tupou I, who united his country and established the contemporary Kingdom of Tonga, has been described as Tonga's "founding father".^[150]^[151]

歷史國家和其他地區

Arabian Peninsula

After the Hijrah (622), the Islamic Prophet Muhammad（英語：Prophet Muhammad） (570–632) assumed political leadership over Yathrib, present day Medina. This feat in and of itself was unheard of, as the city consisted of both Jews（英語：History of the Jews in Saudi Arabia） and Arab pagans. Alongside consolidating his power in Medina, the Battle of Badr (624) saw the de facto leadership of Mecca destabilised. Eventually, at the Conquest of Mecca（英語：Conquest of Mecca） (629–630) Muhammad took leadership over his tribesmen. Furthermore, Muhammad oversaw delegations and armies（英語：Military career of Muhammad） sent across Arabia, including Yemen. The last Persian governor Badhan（英語：Badhan (Persian governor)） converted to Islam (628), thus including Southern Arabia（英語：South Arabia） under Islamic rule. Pre-Islamic Arabia was strife with tribalism and territoriality, therefore it was implausible for tribes to elect leaders let alone Arabia itself. Yet come Muhammad's death (632), Arabia was unified under one polity and religion.

Despite this state not possessing a specific name, it proved to be the platform for the Rashidun Caliphs (632–661) to eventually look beyond the Arabian Peninsula to the Byzantine and Sassanid Empires.

Bohemia

Although the first known ruler of Bohemia was Bořivoj I, Duke of Bohemia, the real unifier of various Slavic tribes in Bohemia and creator of nation was Duke Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia. Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor is regarded as the "Father of the Homeland" in the Czech Republic, because during his time the Kingdom of Bohemia experienced the greatest prosperity. Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (1850–1937) is widely revered as the Liberator President who played the chief role in the 1918 melding of Bohemia, Moravia, Slovakia and Ruthenia into the Czechoslovak Republic, and who served as President of the Republic from 1918 to 1935.

Republic of Biafra

Nigerian military officer Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu, of the Igbo ethnic group, established the Republic of Biafra on 30 May 1967 after he seceded the predominantly Igbo region of Nigeria from the rest of the country, sparking the Nigerian Civil War.

Czechoslovakia

Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, first President of Czechoslovakia, known as President Liberator.

Kingdom of England

It was King Athelstan (893/95–939) who united the several Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England around the year 927, when he became King of the English as opposed to his previous title, King of the West Saxons. However, his fame is often overshadowed by his predecessor and grandfather Alfred the Great (871–899), who set in motion the unification of the English kingdoms and could also claim to be the nation's founder.

Kingdom of Hawaiʻi

Polynesians arrived on the islands from 1000 to 1200 AD, becoming Native Hawaiians. However, it was in 1795 when King Kamehameha I conceived the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi and unified the islands, beginning modern Hawaiian history.

Ancient Korea

For ancient Korea, Hwanung (환웅/桓雄) and his son Dangun Wanggeom (단군왕검/檀君王儉) were the legendary founders of Gojoseon, the first kingdom of Korea. The founding date is usually calculated as 3 October 2333 BC; 3 October is a South Korean national holiday known as Gaecheonjeol (개천절/開天節, 直譯：「Festival of the Opening of Heaven」). However, in North Korea, Gaecheonjeol is not celebrated and recognized at all, unlike South Korea.

Ottoman Empire

By the end of the 14th century, most of Anatolia was controlled by various Anatolian beyliks due to the collapse of the Seljuk dynasty in the area. The Seljuk dynasty had established both the Seljuk Empire, which was founded by Tughril and the Sultanate of Rum, with the first one being responsible for the Turkification of Anatolia. Osman I unified the beyliks under one banner, proclaiming the Ottoman Empire.^[152]

Russian Empire

Rurik – Varangian^[153] prince and Prince of Novgorod beginning around 862 AD^[154]
Oleg, Rurik's kinsman and successor; extended his realm from Novgorod south to the Dnieper River valley and later moved his capital to the more strategic Kiev, where he established Kievan Rus' (the modern peoples of Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia all have Kievan Rus' as their cultural heritage).^[155]
Ivan the Terrible, Grand Prince of Moscow (also Prince of Novgorod) from 1533 to 1547 and Tsar of All the Russias from 1547 until his death in 1584. Ivan also claimed the historical title "Grand Prince of Kiev" for himself, but this was more of a flourish, since Kiev had never formed part of his realm and Moscow would not control the Kievan region until the Truce of Andrusovo (1667), but Kiev remained an important city in early Slavic history and culture.
Peter the Great, Tsar from 1682, officially proclaimed the establishment of the Russian Empire in 1721, following the Treaty of Nystad, and himself its first emperor. He instituted sweeping reforms and oversaw the transformation of Russia into a major European power, re-organising the state in the Western style. Founder of Saint-Petersburg
Vladimir the Great was the first Christian Prince of Kievan Rus.

Kingdom of Scotland

It was King Kenneth MacAlpin (841–858) who united Pictland and Scotland, around the year 843, when he became King of Scots, as opposed to his previous title, King of Dál Riada. However, his fame is partly eclipsed by Malcolm III (1058–1093), who was the first king to rule over nearly all Scotland, after annexing Strathclyde.^[156]

The fictionalising medieval poem The Wallace（英語：The Wallace (poem)） (約 1477) celebrated William Wallace (died 1305) as one of the founder-heroes of Scotland's struggle to preserve/re-establish independence from Plantagenet England（英語：Plantagenet England）.^[157]

Serbia and Montenegro

Dobrica Ćosić, often referred to as the "Father of the Nation"

Soviet Union

Vladimir Lenin, founder of the Soviet Union and the leader of the Bolshevik party.

Leon Trotsky, founder of the Red Army and a key figure in the October Revolution.

Vladimir Lenin – Officially one among many equal founders of the country, Lenin was, de facto, the paramount leader, founder of the Soviet Union and the CPSU. The party governed the Soviet Union initially through a coalition with the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries along with elected soviets but later as a one-party state over the course of the Russian Civil War and political uprisings. Lenin is also considered the founding father of the modern Russian state. He died soon after the country's founding and retained a special status of secular apotheosis for the rest of the country's history.
Leon Trotsky^[158] – Founding Politburo member, head of the Red Army, commissar for foreign affairs, key organiser of the October Revolution. Trotsky was widely considered de facto second in command in the Soviet Union during Lenin's tenure. He was also nominated for the position of Vice-Chairman of the Soviet Union（英語：Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union） on several occasions by Lenin.^[159]^[160]^[161]^[162]^[163] Trotsky was outmaneuvered by Joseph Stalin during the succession struggle, exiled and eventually assassinated in 1940.

Republic of Texas

Wales

Magnus Maximus (c. 335–388). According to Welsh tradition, Magnus Maximus (Welsh: Macsen-Wledig) was a Roman general who was proclaimed Emperor of Rome by his soldiers in Britain in 383. As such, he was the first Romano-British ruler of Britain and the western portions of the Roman Empire. His mytho-heroic founding of Wales is celebrated in the modern Welsh anthem Yma o Hyd（英語：Yma o Hyd） by Dafydd Iwan（英語：Dafydd Iwan）.^{[來源請求]}
Hywel Dda（英語：Hywel Dda） (c. 880–950) was responsible for the codification of traditional Welsh Law（英語：Cyfraith Hywel）, which, according to historian John Davies（英語：John Davies (historian)）, "was a powerful symbol of [Welsh] unity and identity, as powerful, indeed, as their language".^[164]
Gruffydd ap Llywelyn（英語：Gruffydd ap Llywelyn） (r. 1039–63) was the first Welsh king to rule over the entire territory of Wales, from about 1057 until his death in 1063.^[165]

Republic of Vietnam

Ngô Đình Diệm (1901–1963), first president of South Vietnam.

Kingdom of Yugoslavia

King Alexander I of Yugoslavia, known as Alexander the Unifier.

Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

Josip Broz Tito, Marshal of Yugoslavia (1943–1980).

Union of South Africa

Louis Botha was the first Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa, and Jan Smuts, its second prime minister, was a prominent advocate of unification and seen in more recent polls（英語：Great South Africans） as the Union of South Africa's greatest historical leader.
Jan van Riebeeck was treated as a South African founding father by the South African government during the apartheid era, being featured on statues and the country's currency (although the likeness was erroneous and was actually that of another man).^[166]^[167]

Zaire

Mobutu Sese Seko was the founder of Zaire and its only president.

另見

參考資料

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[3] The 'Father of Modern Egypt' school includes: Henry Dodwell, The Founder of Modern Egypt: A Study of Muhammad Ali (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965); Arthur Goldschmidt, Jr., Modern Egypt: The Formation of a Nation-State (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1988); Albert Haurani, A History of the Arab Peoples (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002); Jean Lacouture and Simonne Lacouture, Egypt in Transition, trans. Francis Scarfe (New York: Criterion Books, 1958); P.J. Vatikiotis, The History of Modern Egypt: From Muhammad Ali to Mubarak (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991). The following internet sources, while not necessarily scholarly, show how widespread this interpretation is. "History," The Egyptian Presidency, 2008, History. [12 April 2009]. （原始內容存檔於17 May 2008）. (accessed 29 October 2008); Metz, Helen, Chapin（英語：Helen Chapin Metz）. "Muhammad Ali of Egypt 1805–48," Egypt: a Country Study, 1990, http://countrystudies.us/egypt/ (accessed 29 October 2008); "Muhammad Ali of Egypt 1805–48: The Father of Modern Egypt," Travel to Egypt – Egypt Travel Guide, 2007, http://www.travel-to-egypt.net/muhammad-ali.html (accessed 29 October 2008); "Muhammad Ali of Egypt," Answer.com, 2008, http://www.answers.com/topic/muhammad-ali (accessed 29 October 2008).

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[41] Harutyunyan, Arpi; Barseghyan, Haykuhi. Derision at "Servile" Putin Fan Club in Armenia (634). Institute for War and Peace Reporting（英語：Institute for War and Peace Reporting）. 16 March 2012. （原始內容存檔於18 September 2014）. "...an Armenian national figure like Aram Manukyan, founder of the [1918] First Republic," Levon Shirinyan, who holds the chair of politics and history at Yerevan's teacher-training university.

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